Mhuri muti mitauro Indo-European: mienzaniso, mapoka mutauro, kunyanya

Indo-European davi kwemitauro mumwe kupfuura vari Eurasian mutauro mhuri. It apararira okupedzisira 5 mazana emakore North neSouth America, Australia uye zvikamu Africa. mitauro Indo-European kusvikira makore Kuwanika yaigarwa wenharaunda East Turkistan, riri kumabvazuva, kumavirira Ireland, kubva India kumaodzanyemba kusvikira kuchamhembe dzekuma Scandinavia. Nhengo dzemhuri zvinosanganisira anenge 140 mitauro. Pamwe vanenge ataura vanhu vanenge mabhiriyoni 2 (2007 Zvinofungidzirwa). Chirungu anotora aitungamirira nzvimbo pakati pavo, vachiverengwa vatakuri.

Kukosha mitauro Indo-European ari kuenzaniswa-nhoroondo zvemutauro

Kukura okufananidza nhoroondo linvistiki rinokosha kuti kudzidza uri kwemitauro Indo-European. Chokwadi kuti mhuri yavo yakanga mumwe masayendisiti vokutanga avo vanozivikanwa zvikuru rwepanyama kudzika. Kazhinji, mune zvesayenzi nezvimwe mhuri kwatemwa, pfungwa zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga pamusoro ruzivo runowanikwa kudzidza kwaiva mitauro Indo-European.

Nzira kuenzanisa kwemitauro

Languages anogona kuenzaniswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. The typology chimwe chezvinhu zvakafanana vavo. Kudzidza uku mhando mitauro mananara, uyewo kuonekwa pachishandiswa waifarirwa mitemo iripo panguva yakasiyana siyana. Zvisinei, nzira iyi haigoni kuva majini. Nemamwe mashoko, kurishandisa hazvigoni akadzidza mitauro mashoko avo mavambo. Mukuru basa kuti okufananidza zvidzidzo vanofanira kutamba pfungwa ukama, uyewo nzira kwayo pakagadzwa.

Genetic kupatsanura kwemitauro Indo-European

It is analogue kuti zvoutachiona pamusoro izvo dzinounzwa yakasiyana boka mhando. Pamusana kwaari, tinogona kuronga-siyana mumitauro, izvo pane vanenge zviuru zvitanhatu. Ziva mapatani, tinogona kuderedza zvose izvi yakatarwa kuti vashomanana mutauro mhuri. The zvichiguma majini kupatsanura zvabuda Anokosha kwete chete nokuda zvemutauro, asiwo zvimwe chokuita anoranga. Ivo kukosha ethnography sezvo chidzoke uye kukura emitauro yakasiyana siyana zvine chokuita ethnogenesis (the chidzoke uye kukura emadzinza).

Mhuri muti mitauro Indo-European anoratidza kuti musiyano pakati pavo vari chakaiswa pamusoro nguva. Izvi zvinogona kutaurwa zvokuti chinhambwe therebetween kuwedzera, riri akayera nokureba muti mapazi kana miseve.

Mapazi Indo-European mhuri

Mhuri muti mitauro Indo-European une mapazi mazhinji. Mariri zambiringa hombe boka uye zvinosanganisira mutauro mumwe chete. Pano vari. This Modern Greek, mitauro Indo-wevechitendero, Italic (kusanganisira Latin), Roman, Celtic, eGermany, necheSalvic, reBaltic, Albanian, Armenian, Anatolian (muHiti-Lubian) uye Tocharian. Izvi zvinosanganisira, mukuwedzera, zvinoverengeka yakatotsakatika, izvo zvinozivikanwa kwatiri kubva shomanana zvinyorwa, zvikurukuru pamusoro shoma Gloss, zvinyorwa uye nzvimbo mazita antroponimii ari Byzantine uye nechiGiriki vanyori. This Thracian, wokuFrijiya, messapsky, Illyrian, drevnemakedonsky, Venetic mitauro. Havagoni pamwe chokwadi zvinofanira kunzi mumwe kana rimwe boka (bazi). Zvichida varege dzinounzwa mu akazvimirira mapoka (matavi), nekurangarira kuti mazita muti kwemitauro Indo-European. Masayendisiti vakakamurwa panyaya iyi.

Chokwadi, paiva nevamwe pane avo pamusoro apa, uye mimwe mitauro Indo-European. dambudziko ravo zvakanga zvakasiyana. Vamwe vavo zvachose yakatotsakatika, vamwe vakasiya tichingoda shoma iri duramazwi iri substrate uye toponomastike. Vakaedza kuwanazve mamwe mitauro Indo-European kune pamakwara izvi murombo. The pazvinhu inozivikanwa kwazvo ichi mhando zvinosanganisira mutauro Cimmerian. Iye zvichipomerwa akasiya zvisaririra zviri kuBaltic uye necheSalvic. Uyewo kucherechedzwa ndiye Pelagie, rakataurwa pre-Greek nevanhu Greece yekare.

Pidgin

Munguva kuwedzera mitauro yakasiyana-siyana Indo-European iyo kwakaitika pamusoro rokupedzisira remakore, muna Romanesque uye German akaumbwa pachishandiswa dzakawanda itsva - Pidgin. Ivo vanoonekwa ne zvikuru rakapfupikiswa duramazwi (1.5 fung. Words zvichidzika) uye girama Chakarerutswa. Naizvozvo, vamwe vavo creolized, uye dzimwe simbi mukuru-mugiredhi mune dzichipfekeka uye nemitemo yomutauro. Ava Bislama, Tok Pisin, Krio muSierra Leone, Equatorial Guinea uye Gambia; seshelva muna Seychelles; Mauritius, uye Haitian Réunionnaise, et al for.

Somuenzaniso, imwe tsananguro pfupi wemhuri maviri Indo-European emitauro. Wokutanga wavo - Tajik.

Tajik

Ndezvenguva Indo-European mhuri, kuti Indo-Iranian bazi uye Iranian boka. Iye mamiriro muna Tajikistan, kwakapararira munyika Central Asia. Pamwechete mutauro Dari mabhuku idioms Tajiks ari Afghanistan, kwazvinoita kumabvazuva mapazi New Persian mutauro continuum. mutauro Izvi zvinogona kunzi somunhu musiyano pakati Persian (west). Kunyange zvichibvira kunzwisisa pakati vaya vanoshandisa mutauro Tajik, uye Persian anotaura vagari Iran.

Ossetian

Nderake mitauro Indo-European kuna Indo-Iranian bazi okumabvazuva subgroup ari Iranian boka uye. mutauro Ossetian mune South uye North Ossetia. Uwandu vakurukuri riri kumativi 450-500 zviuru. Man. Paiva kungoda nevanhu vekare vane necheSalvic, vokuTurkey uye Finno-Ugric. mutauro Ossetian ane tumitauro maviri: Iron uye Digor.

Pokuwa rurimi hwaro

No paya pane mireniyumu chechina BC. e. paiva pokuwa chete Indo-European chawo a. chiitiko ichi chakaita kuti chidzoke vatsva vakawanda. Mupfungwa yokufananidzira, wembeu rakatanga kukura mazita muti kwemitauro Indo-European. Hapana mubvunzo kuti mutauro muHiti-Luwian vakaparadzana kutanga. Time yavaive Tocharian bazi kupfuura dzichipesana nokuda kushomeka kwezvakanyorwa mashoko.

Kuedza nokubatanidza mapazi akasiyana

By Indo-European mhuri mutauro kunosanganisira mapazi akawanda. Kwete kuedza ose chokubatanidza navo mumwe akaitwa. Somuenzaniso, isu hypothesize kuti necheSalvic uye reBaltic mitauro zvikuru pedyo. Zvinofungirwa panyaya Italic uye Celtic. By kure zvikuru kuzivikanwa anonzi kuva mubatanidzwa wevechitendero uye Indo-Aryan mitauro, uye Nuristani uye Dard ari Indo-Iranian bazi. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kunyange vakakwanisa kudzoreredza mamirire Proto Indo-Iranian kungonyaradza Masvomhu.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti Slavs ndezvaJehovha Indo-European mutauro mhuri. Asi zvakadaro haana kunyatsotaura kutsunga kana kwete govera mitauro yavo ari oga bazi. Izvi zvinoshandawo kuBaltic avanhu. Balto-necheSalvic kubatana kunokonzera zvakawanda makakatanwa mukusonganira ichi sezvo Indo-European mutauro mhuri. Marudzi hazvigoni zvinonyatsoteerera anonzi imwe hofisi.

Kana mamwe hypotheses, vose vakaramba vari nesayenzi yemazuva ano. Akasiyana zvinhu anogona kuumba hwaro weboka guru dziva sezvo Indo-European mutauro mhuri. Vanhu mutakuri vamwe mumitauro yaro vakawanda. Naizvozvo, kuti atsaure navo hakusi nyore. Redprinyaty kunge siyana kuedza kuumba coherent hurongwa. Somuenzaniso, maererano migumisiro Indo-European nzvanyira velar mumitauro yose boka iri vakanga vakakamurwa kuva ane zana uye satem. Songaniro aya anonzi ari kuratidzwa mashoko "zana rimwe". In satemnyh mitauro kwokutanga ruzha shoko pai zvinoratidzwa muchimiro "hove dzakawanda", "c", uye zvichingodaro. N. Sezvo kentumnyh, kuti kunoratidzwa "X", "kuti" uye zvichingodaro. N.

kutanga comparativists

The chidzoke kwakakodzera okufananidza zvenhoroondo zvemutauro rinoreva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19 uye kuri chokuita nezita Franz Bopp. In basa rake, akatanga akaratidza zvesayenzi ukama kwemitauro Indo-European.

First comparativists nyika vaiva vokuGermany. It F. Bopp, J. Zeiss, J. Grimm nevamwe. Ivo wokutanga akaita kuti tifunge kuti Sanskrit (mutauro Indian yekare) zvakafanana zvikuru German. Vakaratidza kuti mimwe mitauro Iranian, Indian uye European vane zvakafanana mavambo. Zvadaro, vatsvakurudzi kukabatanidzwa muvira "Indo-weGermany" mhuri. Mushure painenge Vakawana kuti vavakezve Proto vane Chinonyanya kukosha sezvo necheSalvic uye reBaltic. Saka, shoko idzva - ari "mitauro Indo-European."

Kukosha Avgusta Shleyhera

August Schleicher (mufananidzo pamusoro zvinoratidza) pakati pezana remakore rechi19, akapfupikisa nokubudirira comparativists vamutangira. Akarondedzera imwe subgroup ari Indo-European mhuri, kunyanya ayo pristine sepakutanga. The musayendisiti akataura kushandisa misimboti vanhuwo proto-mutauro pedutu. The yakarurama wayo rokuvakazve, haana mubvunzo. Schleicher kunyange akanyora rugwaro mutauro Proto-Indo-European, anosikwa navo. ngano iri "The makwai uye nemabhiza."

Okufananidza zvemutauro akaumba somugumisiro zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvine mitauro, uyewo kugadzira nzira kuratidza sungano yavo uye rokuvakazve kwaibva prayazykovogo mamiriro. August Schleicher rwunoverengerwa ane schematic mutoo okukura kwavo semhuri muti. Indo-European boka mitauro rinowanika panguva imwe zvinotevera chimiro: Upfu - nevakawanda mutauro tateguru, boka mitauro kufanana matavi. muti mhuri yaiva mufananidzo wakajeka kure uye pedyo ukama. Uyezve, akaratidza kuvapo kufanana vakawanda Proto (reBaltic-necheSalvic - madzitateguru reBaltic necheSalvic, German uye necheSalvic - madzitateguru reBaltic, ekuGermany uye necheSalvic, etc ...).

Modern tsvakurudzo Quentin Atkinson

Munguva ichangopfuura, imwe chikwata zvinhu zvipenyu uye nyanzvi dzemitauro dzakawanda vakawana kuti boka kwemitauro Indo-European rakabva Anatolia (Turkey).

Zvakanga iye uyo, avo maonero, ndiye nzvimbo yechizvarirwo yeboka iri. Research rinotungamirirwa Quentin Atkinson, nyanzvi yezvinhu zvipenyu yaiva New Zealand kuti University of Auckland. Masayendisiti inoshandiswa kuongorora akasiyana nzira Indo-European mitauro, izvo zvave aimbodzidza shanduka kwazvakaita. Vakaongorora kudanda kwemashoko mitauro 103. Mukuwedzera, ivo akaongorora mashoko zvavo dzakaitika kukura uye nenzvimbo kuparadzira. On hwaro ichi, vatsvakurudzi akaita mhedziso iyi.

Kukurukura cognates

Sei masayendisiti ava havana kudzidza boka Indo-European mutauro mhuri? Vaiona cognates. Ndiro chete mudzi shoko, vane rakafanana inzwi uye chakajairika mavambo mumitauro miviri kana kupfuura. Kazhinji Vane mashoko havanyanyi pachena kuchinja mukufamba shanduka (inotaridza ukama hwemhuri, mazita nhengo dzomuviri uye zvisazitasingwi). Masayendisiti akaenzanisa uwandu cognates mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana. On hwaro ichi, Vakatsunga mwero ukama hwavo. Saka, cognates dzakafananidzwa majini, uye kunotouraya - kusiyana cognates.

Kushandiswa dzakaitika mashoko uye nzvimbo mashoko

Masayendisiti zvino kuita nhoroondo umboo pamusoro nguva apo zvinonzi zvaizobudirira siyana mitauro. Somuenzaniso, zvinofungidzirwa kuti mugore 270 kubva muchiLatin akatanga vaparadzane Romance mitauro. Panguva ino, Mambo Aurelian akasarudza kurega mupurovhinzi colonists Dacia Roman. Mukuwedzera, vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa mashoko ari kuitika munharaunda kuparadzirwa yakasiyana mitauro.

migumisiro kudzidza

Mushure kubatanidza mashoko vakawana rakavambwa muti shanduka kwakavakirwa zvinotevera hypotheses maviri: Barrow Anatolian. Vatsvakurudzi akaenzanisa maviri zvichiguma muti, vakawana kuti "Anatolian" maererano nhamba ndiyo kazhinji.

Very zvakawanda nevamwe aiva maitiro migumisiro yaunganidzwa boka Atkinson. Nyanzvi dzakawanda ambopupura kuti tichienzanisa zvipenyu shanduka mutauro nezvisingabvumwi, nekuti vane nzira dzakasiyana. Zvisinei, dzimwe masayendisiti akawana wakarurama kushandisa mitoo yakadai. Zvisinei, boka paakatsoropodzwa nokuda chokwadi kuti akanga zvikasadzorwa pfungwa yechitatu, Balkan.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kune zuva, chikuru pfungwa nezvekwakabva mitauro Indo-European ndivo Anatolian uye murwi. Maererano wokutanga, kupfuura akakurumbira pakati dzekare uye nyanzvi dzemitauro, yemadzitateguru musha wavo - Gungwa Black steppes. Other hypotheses, Anatolian uye Balkan kunoratidza kuti mitauro Indo-European kuparadzira kubva Anatolia (mumutsetse wokutanga) kana muBalkan Peninsula (rechipiri).