MAFUTA: mamiriro, nhoroondo, kushandiswa

Oiri - mumwe vamiririri mukirasi emura chicherwa zvinhu (Kuwedzera kwaari zvinosanganisira mvura kunyange chitubu). It vakagamuchira zita rayo kubva Persian "mafuta." Pamwe chete ozocerite negasi chinoumba boka zvicherwa anonzi petrolytes.

CHII mafuta nemaonero Physics UYE WEKEMISITIRI

Ndicho zara mafuta, jikichira fuma, ruvara uye arambe achirema izvo dzinosiyana-siyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo kugadzirwa. Zvingava wakajeka manyoro kana Cherry mutsvuku, yero, mashava, vatema, uye kashoma kacho - Hauoneki. The fluidity mafuta zvakare dzinosiyana kwazvo: ndiye mvura, imwe - a viscous. Asi zvakafanana ne mumwe zvakasiyana ehupfumi venhumbi mumuviri, saka ndiko sezvamunoita yavo nemakemikari, iro nguva dzose ari kunzwisisa musanganiswa Mahydrocarbon. Nokuti dzimwe ehupfumi anoenderana nouipi - sarufa, senitrogen nezvimwe yeimwe umo munhuwi kunonyanya kubva pamberi zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon nesarufa yeimwe.

Zita chikuru chezvinonhuwira mafuta - "Mahydrocarbon" dzoga hurukuro pamusoro wayo sezvamunoita. fuma iyi, inosanganisira kabhoni uye rehydrogen maatomu, ane vakawanda payakavakirwa zvakanyorwa sezvo CxHy. Nyore mumiririri dzino ndiko methane CH4, chipo chero mafuta.

Zvepakutanga Kuronga avhareji mafuta inogona achimiririrwa chikamu sezvinotevera:

• 84% kabhoni
• 14% rehydrogen
• 1-3% sarufa
• <1% okisijeni
• <1% simbi
• <1% munyu

ZVAIZOITIKA panowanikwa nemafuta uye gasi

kazhinji mafuta uye gasi muri shamwari, kureva, vari pamwe chete, asi ichi ichokwadi chete kuti kudzika kubva 1 kusvika 6 makiromita. Vazhinji kusango riri chikuva ichi, kuti mubatanidzwa mafuta uye gasi zvakasiyana. Kana udzamu ari isingasviki kiromita, pane mafuta rimwe, uye vanopfuura 6 makiromita - chete gasi.

Reservoir apo mafuta akawanikwa, yainzi nemuteresi. dombo iri kazhinji porous iyo ingafananidzwa chipanje zvakaoma iyo anounganidza uye anobata mafuta, gasi, uye dzimwe chinjwa zvinwiwa (semuenzaniso, mvura). Chimwe chinodiwa ndechokuti kuvapo accumulations dzamafuta-dura muvharo iyo chinonditadzisa humwe kufambira mvura yokupedzisira yavharwa nokuda izvo mumusungo. Vanodzidza tsvaka misungo iyi, iyo zvino vanonzi minda, asi hazvisi zvikuru zita zvakanaka. Nekuti mafuta uye gasi zvakatanga ezasi zvikuru muna akaturikidzana pasi kumusoro kumanikidzwa. In okumusoro akaturikidzana vachibva chokwadi kuti, sezvo chiedza zvinwiwa vanowanzotevedzera kumusoro. Ivo chaizvoizvo achisunda pemvura.

KUPI UYE RINI MAFUTA rwupi

Kuti tinzwisise mashandiro kuti paumbwe mafuta, unofanira mupfungwa kufamba shure mamiriyoni emakore akapfuura. Maererano biogenic pfungwa (aka - dzidziso makemikari kupi), kudanana kubva Carboniferous munguva (makore mamiriyoni 350 BC) uye kusvikira pemwedzi Paleogene (makore mamiriyoni 50 BC.), Akawanda nzvimbo kudzika mvura kuva conglomerations kuti makemikari masaridzwa upenyu - kuparara kuti zvigare uye algae tawira pasi, achiumba pasi akaturikidzana organics. Zvishoma nezvishoma, asi akaturikidzana akavharwa vamwe, inorganic - sediments jecha Somuenzaniso, uye vakawira nechezasi uye ezasi. Pressure yakawedzera rokufukidza akaturikidzana Rakasimbisa, wekuenda reokisijeni kuti organics haana. Murima pasi pokudzora dzvinyiriro netembiricha kushandurwa anoramba nyore Mahydrocarbon, zvimwe kuva gaseous chikamu - mvura uye zvakasimba.

Pakangotanga zvinwiwa vakapiwa mukana kutiza kubva vabereki inotungamirwa Vakamhanyira kusvikira nguva regai kuwira mumusungo se. Zvisinei, kuwedzera kuri nguva unoparadza. The misungo zvinwiwa yemanyorero anoparadzirwa sezvinotevera: pamusoro gasi, ipapo mafuta, uye nechepasi - mvura. Izvi nokuda arambe achirema neimwe. Kana nzira hakusi Urume-zvakasimba dura akamisidzana, vakaonekwa pamusoro pemvura, yavachapira kuparadzwa uye kupararira. Natural mafuta seeps pemvura vari yemanyorero madhamu gobvu semiliquid Marita uye Asphalt, zvikasadaro impregnates jecha, pova anonzi sand mafuta.

Yevanhu OF MAFUTA

mafuta goho panyika vasingagoni asi atambudzwe murume yekare. Pazuva tanga kudanana anenge asina ruzivo, asi munguva zvakanaka dzakabudirira mafuta tsika zvinhu zvaishandiswa pakuvaka - ichi anoratidza mashoko kubva Iraq, iyo akawana uchapupu kushandisa mafuta kudzivirira dzimba kubva mwando. MuIjipiti, akaona kuti combustibility ramafuta, uye raishandiswa okuvimba. Uyezve, awana kushanda pakuomesa zvitunha uye somunhu sealant kuti magwa.

Sezvo zvisingawanzoitiki, mafuta rava chinokosha kare: vaBhabhironi vaitengeserana nayo kuMiddle East. Zvinofungirwa kuti basa iri wakadenha yakawanda nemisha. Zvinogonekawo kuti mafuta rakashandiswa pakusika mumwe akakurumbira "Wonders of World" - Hanging Gardens weBhabhironi. Ikoko kwaibatsira somunhu sealant, kwete mvura permeable.

The Chinese vaiva vokutanga akanga asina inogutswa matsime kusvika pemvura. Ivo akagadzira Drilling, vachishandisa mhango yemishenjere dzakanzi ane simbi "mashava" pamagumo. Pakutanga, vakanga vachitsvaka zvinyorwa munyu pamusoro kugadzirwa munyu, asi zvino vakaona mafuta uye gasi. With ekupedzisira ivo Ipwa munyu - kuisa moto pairi. On kushandisa mafuta China panguva iyoyo hapana mashoko.

Imwe nzira yokushandisa mafuta dangwe aiitirwa zvirwere wake ganda. About tsika pakati vagari Absheron Peninsula akati manotsi Marco Polo.

mafuta First yokuRussia iri kutaurwa chete XV remakore. Vanyori venhau dzakaitika vakaona anotaura kwakafumuka mafuta mazambiringa ari Ukhta kurwizi apo anoumba rimwe firimu pamusoro pemvura. Ikoko iye akaunganidza uye akaita nazvo mushonga kana chiedza bhuku - kazhinji zvakanga kurapwa nekuti marambi.

A itsva kushandisa mafuta kwakawanikwa chete XIX remakore, apo neparafini rambi yagadzirwa. Rakanga yakataurwa Polish kemisiti Ignatiy Lukasevich. Zvinogoneka kuti aivawo vakatanga nzira dzokubudisa mafuta reparafini. Mumakore mashomanana asati Canadian Abraham Gesner tega nzira hwokubereka eparafini kubva marasha, asi kubuda mafuta zvakazoonekwa kuti kuva zvisingabatsiri.

Reparafini akashandiswa kwazvo kuvheneka, saka kwokudiwa nekuti kukura nguva dzose. Naizvozvo zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kusarudza mubvunzo kwayo kugadzirwa. Pakutanga mafuta maindasitiri yakatangwa muna 1847 muna Baku, uko tsime yokutanga akachera, akapa mafuta. Zvakanaka zvangova zvokuti Baku anonzi Black City.

Asi matsime avo vakanga akachera noruoko achiri. Pakutanga akachera tsime pedyo hwemvura injini, iri anosundwa Drilling muchina, izvozvo akazviratidza Russia muna 1864 muna Kuban mudunhu. Makore maviri gare gare, musi Kudakinskom munda akapedza zvokuimba kuchera mumwe tsime.

Munyika pakutanga oiri maindasitiri yakatangwa muna 1859 na Edwin Drake akachera okutanga muna US musi waAugust 27 gore rino mafuta zvakanaka - akanga ane udziku 21.2 metres uye riri muguta Taytusvil muPennsylvania, apo pamberi kuchera matsime chitubu kazhinji akawana mafuta.

Oil Drilling zvikuru akaderedza mutengo mafuta zvakakonzera chokwadi kuti munguva pfupi, chigadzirwa ichi rava kwakakosha budiriro ano. Panguva iyoyo akanga ari kutanga mafuta indasitiri.

UITE OF MAFUTA

Pari hatishandisi mafuta aro yakachena chimiro. Zvisinei, pane zvakawanda kupatsanurwa zvinogadzirwa kuti zvinokosha zvedu nyika. Mushure shanu yokutanga anoshandura DISTILLATION rinochiwedzera:

• avhiyesheni uye motokari peturu
• eparafini
• propellant
• Diesel chinotsva
• mweya
• mafuta mafuta

The chikamu mafuta huni - kunobva mumwezve munhevedzano mamwe DISTILLATION mishonga:

• bhitumini
• Paraffin
• anonhuwirira
• mafuta mafuta

The mberi zvichaitirwa bhitumini - Connect nayo norukangarabwe uye jecha kubereka Asphalt. Chimwe mafuta chigadzirwa iro rinoshandiswawo nokuda mugwagwa mabasa - a sludge, inova Kuisa pfungwa pachinhu chimwe chezvinhu residues mafuta pashure DISTILLATION. Mumwe vakasara, peturu chemubhotoro, akashandiswa zvaAtemisi ferroalloys uye electrodes.

Chemical indasitiri anoshandisa nyore Mahydrocarbon sechinhu feedstock nokuda siyana kuti kuchinja yeimwe kuti mutoo. Zvinoguma mapurasitiki, rabha, jira, fetiraiza, madhayi, polyethylene uye polypropylene, uyewo zhinji makemikari mhuri.

Source http://promdevelop.ru/