Kuchinja - zviri ... Countries vane upfumi vari kuchinja: Nyora

The musika upfumi uye ayo kubuda munyika yemazuva ano - a nyaya chaizvo kunzwisisa, sezvo zvakafanira kuchinja zvachose uye kushandura kuitika marongedzero emakore. Asi hazvibviri nokukurumidza kushandura zvose, kuti iumbe yoku- maonero vemabhizimisi masangano, kuumba pamutemo uye zviri pamutemo framework. Kuchinja - mudariro okukura, kushandura uye kuchinja. Zvinogara Zvinotora nguva refu, panguva iyo zvoupfumi achava musanganiswa zvinhu pamusika ano uye administrative murayiro. Izvi shanduko nebudiriro, pane isingachinji oparesheni.

chikuru zvinhu

Kuchinja upfumi - nguva dzose variability uye kusagadzikana, izvo "hazvishanduki" zvisikwa. Zvakasiyana chete mukaputsa kutsiga ezvinhu, kuitira kuti mugodzokera kunyika nepakati, uye yekudyidzana simba nayo. Economy Kuchinja kuri kusingarapiki vanofanira kutungamirira vamwe, yakatsiga zvikuru zvoupfumi. Kusagadzikana uku kunokonzera kusingarapiki uye zvikurukuru simba kukura. Zvisinei, kukura kusaziva, nokusanganisa akwegura uye itsva - anogara kupikisana. Mugore socio-enyika bhora, ichi kunoita kuti Sharpening pakati kupokanidzana uye magariro nenyonganyonga.

Munhau somunhu mamirire chinhu

Zviri mutemo nhoroondo - chinokosha chero nyika iri kuchinja, mazita anogona kuwanikwa panoperera nyaya. Kare chikamu Soviet Union, Eastern European, dzasununguka States nezvinetso kuti dzakaoma zvikuru arayire kupfuura nyika Latin America, sezvo muLatin America paiva chaizvo yakawanda kukura musika masangano. Saizvozvowo, nhamba privatized emakambani hadzina kuverengwa pakati pezviuru, asi mazana. Kunyanya Kuchinja upfumi - zvakasiyana siyana rokuratidzwa aro ezvinhu akasiyana. Zvakakodzera kufunga hurumende dzose dziri kukura zvoupfumi kuchinja zvirongwa.

Zvinoumba inoshanda: inertia

Countries vane upfumi munyika Kuchinja vane zvakawanda zvinhu. Wokutanga uye kukosha - chamazuva (inertia) dzokubereka pezvakaitwa kuti kubvisa kukwanisa kukurumidza yokutsiva aivapo zvoupfumi siyana zvimwe zvakawanda zvinodiwa. Zviri nokuda inertia wokuberekana inochengeterwa kwenguva refu zvekare mamiriro ezveupfumi uye nezvimiro.

kwakawedzerwa

Kuchinja - nguva dzose munhu anonetsa nguva. Uyewo chinhu chinokosha ndechokuti nokukurumidza zvikuru uye ndichibvunza kukura ukama hutsva pakati nyaya kumusika. Irreversibility yemhindumupindu Inowedzera kuti Implementation kuti zvinhu zvizhinji. Economics pamusoro Dzinochinja vakatongerwa kubudirira uye mhanyisa dzavo urongwa sanduko, kana kuchinja hazvisi asi dzinobva zvepanyama shanduka uye kugadziridzwa nyika yaivapo.

zvomunharaunda mhando

Kune mhando akasiyana Transitional upfumi, izvo zvisingapindirani hunhu kwemasayendisiti vavo akamboona. Local dzinoratidzwa ndechokuti kuchinja mamiriro anogona kuonekwa pamusoro pamwero mumwe chete nharaunda. Zvinonzi inobva zvinhu uye gogonera kukura kumatunhu akasiyana. Yomunharaunda Upfumi mu Kuchinja - ndiye pachake kubatana zvavo uye inokosha. Sezvo dzisakarurama sezvo mufananidzo muhurukuro UK, Germany uye France.

Global mhando

Izvi chete muitiro zhinji kuchinja kumarudzi yebudiriro (yokumadokero uye kumabvazuva) hwenyika yose. Pakutanga, kufamba izvi vakamutsa dzakabudirira vane upfumi mu iitike. Maitiro kuchimuka iyi, kukanganisa kukura kare megaekonomicheskih kwendangariro.

Shanduka dzinongoitika Style

Izvi mhando iri kuzivikanwa kwayo chimiro zvinopfuura pezvakaitwa pasi pose. Zvisinei, dzomunyika kuchinja upfumi inogona kuumbwa pasi pokudzora rwokuzvarwa shanduka. Kazhinji, mhando dzose yokuchinjira upfumi kudzorwa mutemo rwokuzvarwa shanduka.

Shanduka-kuchinja mhando

mhando iyi yokuchinjira pamusika upfumi - ndiko kubatana tishandurwe siyana pezvakaitwa pamwe zvirongwa zvokuvandudza vanhu. Zvisinei, mitemo kosi yemhindumupindu zvichengetedzwe zvizere kwacho. Izvi mhando anoedza involuntarily nokukurumidza nokuda pakatanga zvinhu uye transformations. Somuenzaniso, mashoko Stolypin kuchinja tsarist Russia.

Mitemo inokosha vectors

The zvishoma nezvishoma unooma pamusoro mugovanisi zvokuvamba - murayiro upfumi, udzvinyiriri, munoenzanisa, pevhu musika, mumvuri pamusoro capitalism. Uyewo chinokosha vector - ndiro Genesisi ukama pakati capitalist upfumi (upfumi ano, yakavakirwa kumusika uye chaiyo). Zvinoitwa socialization (kudzoka dzakawanda tsika zvoupfumi maitiro yenyika, boka uye) uye zvinonyatsorehwa humanization - nheyo chero Kushandurwa kwendangariro.

hakudzivisiki kuchinja

Pane kuchinja zvitatu huru dziri kusingarapiki uye kuitika kuchinja nguva: kurasikirwa chete nemafungiro vose zvoupfumi pfuma vehurumende, kuderera tishandurwe uye bhajeti dambudziko. mapatani ava kazhinji zvikuru kunaka hunhu uye chinogona kutaurwa nematambudziko. Sezvo chikamu chikuru chepfuma inova private, hurumende anorasikirwa simba rayo chindingindingi mune zvoupfumi sarudzo.

The huru mabasa ari pakagadzwa

Kuchinja - kunzwisisa mutoo rakasikwa itsva mhando ezvinhu, kukurira zvikanganiso aimbova uye nechokwadi chinobudirira utariri pakukura. nematambudziko akadai, sezvo rutapudzo okuwana, kukura mitengo uye kushayikwa kwemabasa, zvinokonzerwa kuchinja zvoupfumi. Naizvozvo zvakakodzera kutsvaka nzira yokugadzirisa zvinotevera mabasa:
1. Financial uye zvikwereti Kudzikamiswa hwenyika kuburikidza mari nehurumende.
2. Privatization uye denationalization akaitwa dzakasiyana sectors okuwana uye kukura makwikwi uye Entrepreneurship.
3 De-monopolization - zvikuru chinokosha chinodiwa kuti paumbwe musika makwikwi. Development kwemamiriro kurambidzwa akazobatanidzwa, uwandu pamusoro yaivapo nevhu rakawandisa.

mazvake

Dzakabudirira dzichiva upfumi ari kuchinja, vainyatsotarisirwa chipiwe kune mazvake pamusoro mitengo, izvo vaizova akanaka nemushonga uye kudiwa, kurambidza dhefisiti nokusika zvinhu kuti makwikwi. Pane nzira mbiri kuchinja izvi:
1. zvishoma nezvishoma, zvakagadzirirwa kwenguva refu, mazvake.
2. Radical, kureva kuti, pamwero mukuru uye kukurumidza okusuma zvinhu zvitsva, inonzi "kuvhunduka mishonga".
Zvinokoshawo kuti vatarisire musika kwezvivako sezvo kwegadziriro zvoupfumi masangano, kuti asike yakasimba munzanga kudzivirira.

Features yokuchinjira zvoupfumi mamiriro

Property kodzero zvinokosha kukura kumusika upfumi akasununguka, zviri kunyanya iitike upfumi. muridzi chete anokwanisa pasina zvisarudzo zvakakodzera uye kuongorora zvabuda. Entrepreneurs vari kuedza kuwedzera zvivako, sezvo inopa zvakawanda mabhizimisi munzvimbo kusarudzwa uye Pricing, izvo zvinokanganisa mari. Kuchinja - chivakwa kurondedzerwa ukama:
- huru levers kuti simba mumaoko mikuru shareholders rurefu Kuwanda guta paakapiwa;
- akateverwa zhinji duku uye svikiro kadikidiki mapurazi kumakambani chepamusoro kana uridzi;
- kukosha basa reDare matunhu neminisiparati uye nehurumende pfuma.

Countries ane Transitional mhando upfumi

Munyika idzi zvichiitika dzose pamusoro kuchinja uye kuchinja. Countries ane Transitional mhando upfumi kuEastern Europe - zviri kunyanya vaimboshanda Soviet Union. Idzi dzinosanganisira: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Latvia, Moldova, Lithuania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan. Uyewo Central Europe mune nyika ine Transitional mhando, izvo zvave mugovanisi nhengo: Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Slovenia. Muupenyu enyika kunyika idzi basa rinoitwa pasi. Dzimwe nyika akabatana European Union, vamwe kunyange kuva nhengo NATO. Countries vane upfumi ari kuchinja, kunorondedzerwa kumusoro, panguva vazhinji vavo vari pre-dambudziko mamiriro. Mukutanga nineties, izvozvo akatanga yezwi pamusika upfumi kubva centrally akaronga. nokukurumidza, kuchinja aya akatanga muPoland, zvishoma nezvishoma muHungary, Czech Republic, Estonia, Slovenia, zvishoma nezvishoma - muUkraine, Romania, Bulgaria uye Belarus.