Kiev-Pechersk wemamonk. Holy Dormition Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra

Kiev-Pechersk yemamongi muUkraine vari kuedza kushanyira vose vashanyi. Ichi chimwe chezvinhu yekare yemamongi wokutanga, yakabuda nemapfumbamwe mashanu nerimwe. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvozvo zvakawedzera ndima yayo, temberi akakura, akavaka masero akawanda, uye mazana gumi masere navasere, kuti wemamongi akagamuchira mamiriro Lavra. Akadzidza zvizere kwakatangira mashoko Kiev-Pechersk wemamonk.

Ayakaita?

Mugore regumi remakore ari nzvimbo wemamongi, kurudyi pemhenderekedzo Dnieper River (pedyo Kiev), raiva musango. Kazhinji ndauya pano kunyengetera mumongi Ilarion vomumusha Berestova. Akachera bako pano. Apo Hilarion akagadzwa Metropolitan pamusoro Kiev (ichi raiva 1051), izvozvo zvishoma nebako raiva risina chinhu. Mugore iroro (musi uyu akatorwa sezvo mujinga Kiev-Pechersk wemamongi) pano Akagarisa mumongi Antoniy Pechersky, zvakanzi ichiteverwa dzimwe mamongi.

Kamwe mubako inogarwa gumi mamongi, kwakasarudzwa kuvaka chechi pano. Antony akachera bako pagomo iri pedyo. Zvakare vakatanga kudirana ikoko vachibva kumativi ose mamongi. Kamwe muchitokisi inogarwa gumi mamongi, ipapo pamusoro payo akavaka kereke nokufungidzira woWakaropafadzwa Mariya.

Apo wemamongi akasagona pokugara vakundi zvose, Antony akateterera kuna Kiev muchinda Izyaslav Yaroslavich, uyo akapa mvumo yokushandisa nharaunda yose mugomo zvinangwa zvechiKristu. In namapfumbamwe makumi rechipiri rokubata Kiev-Pechersk wemamonk yakavakwa. nguva yose iyi, upenyu mamongi akakwezva vateveri uye vaKristu vanhuwo, uyo norupo akasiya navo mipiro yavo. Uye makore mashoma mipiro izvi zvakanga zvakakwana kuti erection imwe chechi itsva Pamifananidzo uye mosaics.

Anongofamba vachirwisa pamusoro wemamongi

Kokutanga chechi akapambirwa anongofamba Turkic mavambo - Polovtsy - muna 1906. Panguva iyoyo wemamongi akanga dongo, uye Ukrainian guru rinenge vakawira nechisimba.

Pashure pemakore gumi chete Kiev-Pechersk Lavra akwegura akatanga kupora. The abbot Teoctist pamwe Prince Gleb Vseslavich zvakabetsera pakuvaka ibwe zvoupfu, uyewo mutsva chechi. Panguva iyoyowo wemamongi nzvimbo yakanga akakombwa chose rusvingo. Monks aigara huru pakuvaka, uye nebako ravapo ikozvino kushandiswa kuvigwa nzvimbo nokuda mamongi. Vakanga vakavigwa kati mebako madziro mukoridho.

Wemamongi aiva utiziro vanorwara, zvirema, varombo, zvinodiwa izvo chegumi chako yemari akamira kunze. It rakavakwa pasi Theodosius. Panzira, raiva bako akachera mumusha Foresters, ane ndima uyewo vaiva wemamongi. Kubva pakuvambwa kwayo uye kusvikira nguva Kiev-Pechersk Monastery akasunungura mabhishopi makumi maviri.

The Turkish kubvuta

With zana nemakumi mashanu nechimwe chete chiuru nomumwe zviuru zviviri namakumi gore rechimakumi mana pakati wemamongi kwaiva rinorema nougororo, ichipfuta. VokuTurkey First vashatisa wakagara Monks, ipapo akapisa. Asi mamongi vakaramba kutakura basa ravo. Mushure chechi kubirwa zvakare Polovtsy, asi zvakare akaramba basa rayo. Asi zvinosuwisa panguva pokukundwa Kiev vakarwisa zvisingaiti uye Kiev-Pechersk wemamonk. Mumapako akava utiziro vapristi asi havana kuponesa vakawanda mamongi.

Kunoparadzwa Laura akasimukawo remakore namana. Kubva panguva iyi, pasi murayiro muchinda Kiev Simeon Olelkovich vakatanga erection zvitsva wemamongi. Kereke huru yaiva nzvimbo yokuviga nevaitonga Kiev. In nezvina namazana uye seventieth gore wemamongi kwaiva chose rinovakwazve, asimbiswa uye akatanga kuita basa Svjatina guta. Kwete kumutya ava kunyange wokuTurkey vachirwisa.

Asi makore gumi nemaviri gare gare, wemamongi chakatsva zvakare, asi zvino hondo Crimean. Zvakatora kanguva kuti apore mipiro kuchechi yevanhu. With zviuru gore mashanu namakumi mapfumbamwe wechitatu atanga achibudirira nokuda mamongi. Kiev-Pechersk Lavra akawedzera ayo miganhu miganhu (maguta maviri, mumisha mashanu, gumi misha nedzimwe webasa nzvimbo uye Fisheries) uye nemikana. Kubva muzana remakore rechigumi nemashanu, zvemamongi akabvumira kuenda kuMoscow kuti mipiro. Zvisinei, muedzo haaregi wemamongi. Chimwe namazana manomwe namakumi gore namasere akanga kuvhunduka kukuru pamusoro pake: moto vakaparadza zvose zvinokosha - raibhurari, zvekare, zvose pfuma.

Hondo simba

Pfuma nokukudzwa wemamongi haana kupa zororo kwete bedzi vatorwa vakapinda nechisimba, asiwo Brest Church Union. With namazana mashanu mapfumbamwe rechitanhatu gore rakatanga wokutanga kuedza kukurira Uniate Metropolitan Laurus. Asi mamongi, unowomeswa kubudikidza vatorwa yaingopambwa, vane simba kurwisa Union of Brest. Panotangira zvemamongi rakanga Archimandrite Nikifor ovi, uyo, pamwe chete mamongi zvinobudirira rebuffed Uniate yemo. Kubva izvi nazvo haana kutendera munhu mamongi kana nyika yemamongi.

Chete pakapera nemitanhatu remakore, Kiev-Pechersk Lavra kutsvaka rusununguko vasisanetswi veko dioceses. Ari akatumirwa Ecumenical (Constantinople) Patriarch chinzvimbo stavropegic. Pasinei nokuwedzera Uniate Church, wemamonk of Caves akava nhare kuvaKristu Orthodox. Kuburikidza mabasa archimandrites E. Pleteneckogo uye Z. Kopystensky anotanga nomazvo kurwa uniatism kubudikidza issuance pamusoro polemic mabhuku, minamato radhindwa warwo wokudhinda (1616).

Nokuti simba achava kundorwa Moscow Patriarch. Wemamongi gumi gore namasere masere zana, pasi Patriarch of Moscow uye All Russia. Zvisinei, mutemo uyu huchagara mapfumbamwe nemasere okuberekwa. Ipapo Laurel yemo pamusoro Kiev.

Nhoroondo wemamongi kubva rechi17 kusvikira remakore rechi19

Pasinei reropa nokurwisana pakati Uniate Church, kuti Kiev-Pechersk wemamonk yakatanga. Kuwedzera rokudhinda pasi murayiro Peter Graves rinowanika chikoro nokuda mamongi, iyo pakupedzisira akakura kupinda Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium.

Mwanakomana mupristi Ivan Samoylovich ari Hetman, Rakasimbisa nharaunda yose laurels ari mugodhi, uye mumwe hetman Ivan Mazepa, akakombwa norusvingo rwematombo chechi. Paitonga Petra Velikogo mamongi nharaunda rakawedzerwa, pova Pechersk nhare. Zvisinei, gore moto chimwe namazana manomwe namakumi nemasere akaparadza rinenge rose wemamongi. Kiev-Pechersk Lavra akakwanisa kupora kwemakore gumi nerimwe chete.

Great Lavra Bell Tower kuvaka kwakatanga makore maviri gare gare. Rakanga chirefu kupfuura chivako Ukraine (kureba kwaiva metres hafu makumi mapfumbamwe namatanhatu uye). On pakuvaka bhero shongwe zvakatora makore gumi. Basa racho rinotungamirirwa Russian akitekiti GI Schedel.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti pakuvaka bhero shongwe yakanonoka (nomukuru mapurani nevimbiso aronga kuvaka imba mumakore matatu), uye kuti bhajeti laurels havabvumirwi kutora mabasa matsva, kuti namapfumbamwe remakore, asi ndima yayo yaiva dzemamongi nhanhatu (Chief, Hospital, Pedyo nemapako Far, Holosiivska Kitaevskaya uye mumarenje).

Unhu laurels Zvivako

Huru yemamongi riri muchechi huru. Muchipatara yemamongi yakavakwa regumi namaviri remakore pamusoro pamasuo Lavra, pamwe vatsigire Chernigov Prince Nikola vanyengeri. Chechi pachayo atova mufananidzo pamusoro Dormition of Amai vaMwari, midziyo, vhangeri, raibhurari pamwe zvinokosha mabhuku, Portraits uye zvisaririra zviri Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Pano aiva tombstone pamusoro Prince Madz Ostrog, guva uye makuva yavatsvene.

Near uye Far tunnels rspolozheny pedyo nepedyo. Mumapako okutanga yakaumbwa kumativi mubako mumongi Anthony, uye wechipiri - pamusoro mumongi kuti sero Hilarion. Anthony Cave ane masuo matatu, kupfuura kuwana uye dzakakurumbira ndiyo kumadokero pamukova Holy Cross Church. In zvachose mune underpasses matatu kuti kubatanidza Temple, Church of Mharidzo Musikana uye Meals Pechersk madzibaba.

Kubvira kare, nebako raiva nenzvimbo yokuvanda nokuda mamongi, uye gare gare kwetsvina. masero mapenyu vane miganhu maviri rinopikisa, aida kuti hope uye kudya. Kunewo kudzamisa kuti makenduru mifananidzo uye. The ndima pevhu vari loculi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti uone kwavo uye vachiviga Monahov Mark cavers. Panewo diki mahwindo mazita hermits. Pari kukura bako Ndima vapiswa nokuda achangopfuura reorganizations uye tiri vatatu chete mazana masere nematatu mamita.

vatsvene chechi

Kwete mumongi dzose Kiev-Pechersk wemamongi waikudzwa kuvigwa nomumapako. Kure masero chitoro mana mashanu zvisaririra, uye kuMiddle - masere. Kuti zvimwe zvinosanganisira zvisaririra St. Theodosius, Hilarion, munamati, Pimen ari mhanyisa, Amfilohije, Euphrosyne, Piora, Paphnutius, Pamba, Sisoi, Theodore Akanyarara, Zekariya, Agathon wezvishamiso, Longinus, Macarius, Moses, Paul, Arseny naSirivhano Achille, Benjamin Gerontius , Euphemia munamati, Hypatia, Joseph vanorwara, Leonti, Mercury, Martyrius mudhikoni Paisija Nestor neyekusadzidza, Titus Feofioa, Ignatius Feodora Ostrozhskogo, Pavla Tobolskogo, Vladimir pamusoro Kiev, Filaret, hermits Athanasius, Anatoly, vaAmoni, Mardary, Pancrazio, Sophronia . Assia, Martyrius, Lawrence, Gregory, Rufusi, Dhionisio.

Caves abate zvisaririra Saint Anthony, Prokhorov Lebednika, Johane nokukurumidza, Juliana, Theodore, Basil, Polycarp, Damian, Varlaam, Erasmus, Titus, Theophilus, Ionanna, nekita, Mark gravedigger, Alex Gregory, Segiyo, Sava, Mercury, Pimen, Nestor Eustratius, Elladiya, Jeremiah, Mosesi, Johane Kutambura, Onuphrius, vanyepedzeri, Grigoriya Chudotvortsa, Matthew, Onesimo, Isaiah, Abrahamu, Niphon, Sylvester, Kuksha, Macarius, Pimena Postnika, Lawrence, Anatolia, Sisoi, Feofila Zatvornika, yaOnesiforo; Aref Alypy Simon, Theophanes, Nikon Anastasia, Efuremu, Avraamiya Zatvornika, Agapito, Luke, John mwana, Eria, Nikon Dry, Nikodhimo, Spyridon, Isak, Afanasiya Zatvornika.

All zvemamongi Vane airemekedzwa mune mamwe mazuva yaJulius karenda: maviri namasere yaAugust wokurangarira mamongi Far Caves, September 28 akazvipira kuna mamongi ari Near nemapako, sezvo tsvene Lavra inoremekedzwa mu wamakapa (kazhinji wechipiri vhiki).

Kune vatendi, nokuti uyo zvakakosha kubata zvisaririra zvevasande. Asi vashanyi vakawanda vanofarira vamwe dzinonakidza zvinhu kubva upenyu mamongi. Guides kazhinji achabereka nayo zvinotevera Saints.

• Antoniy Pechersky. Umbwa Caves. Kubvira pauduku, waiva murume akanga akazvipira uye akatsaurira upenyu hwake kuna basa raMwari.
• Nestor sahwira. Namanomwe majaya akataura mudhikoni, munyori chechi. Chinhu chinokosha mupiro akaitwa kare mabhuku.
• Agapit pasina muripo. Mumongi aiva nechipo chokuporesa, haina dzidzo rezvokurapa. Akabata vanhuwo namachinda masunungurwa.
• Ilya Muromets. Popular yekare Russian gamba, izvo paakaita ngano, akava mumongi akavigwa wemamongi.
• Nikola Svyatosha. Prince, uyo akava mumongi. Nemhaka kwaari uye yakavakwa Gate Trinity Church of St. Nicholas, St. Nicholas Hospital wemamonk.
• Gumi Greek mavambo vavaki. mazita avo asina kuzivikanwa, asi nyaya yavo kuitwa monasticism akasiyana nemamwe. Regumi remakore vakauya zvikuru kubva Byzantium kudzosa Great Lavra, yangopedzwa akava mamongi.
• Barlaam. Boyarsky mwanakomana akava mumongi uye akatora mugove kuripisa wokutanga emapuranga wemamongi musi Anthony Cave. Kuvazivisa chokuti mushure outorwa kubva Constantinople uye muParestina, zvose zvake ikazopiwa Lavra.
• Kuksha. The Missionary uye kutambudzirwa kutenda. Famous nokuti chipo chokuporesa, kugona kushanda zvishamiso. Marudzi akanga kusakadzwa uye vakaurayiwa. Zvinonzi kuti pazuva rokufa kwake wemamongi vaiva sembiru dzomoto.
• Nikon akaoma. Panguva Kurwisa Polovtsy yakatorwa, akatambudzwa kwemakore matatu. Maererano ake achifanotaura aifanira kuenda Caves wemamongi, nekuti polovtsy kukakuvadza makumbo ake. Zvisinei, mutsvene vakava asingaoneki uye akaonekwa Laurel. Miracles chokuita hwake, hazvirevi kuguma ikoko. Kana kwapera mubako makore mashoma akauya Polovtsian uyo akatambudzwa mumongi Nikon, ndakaona iye mupenyu. Pakarepo iye nemhuri yake kuchiKristu.
• Yevstratii Martyr. Vachibva mhuri paunhu, uyo akapa zvitadzo zvake uye akava mumongi. Panguva Polovtsian kurwisa akatengeswa muuranda. Long I aizotambudzwa dzichiratidza kutenda uye akarovererwa pamuchinjikwa. Chishamiso akararama kwemazuva gumi nemashanu, ipapo mugungwa. Zvisinei, muviri zvakatooma kutsanangura akaonekwa Laurel.

Nhoroondo Soviet nguva

With namazana manomwe namakumi masere nezvitanhatu, mumapako Kiev-Pechersk Lavra kubva Moscow Patriarch wakapfuurira nhaka Metropolitan pakati Kiev. Munguva Soviet nguva wemamongi anobudirira mumwe pashure pomumwe chinzvimbo. Sezvo September, nemapfumbamwe maviri retanhatu rokubata wokuUkraine simba Soviet munharaunda wemamongi hwakatamisirwa State Reserve. Paumbwe miziyamu muguta kumonasitiri chamutadzisa. MuSoviet nguva, vakawanda mamongi vakapfurwa kana kujeri.

Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II vokuGermany akabvumira mamongi vanogara wemamongi, asi muna November dzakapiswa nokufungidzira Cathedral of Kiev-Pechersk wemamonk, ndine kutora kunze zvishongo. Kunyange zvazvo iye zvino pombonyedza nyaya, tichiudza vashanyi pamusoro kuputika laurels partisans Soviet. Izvi mashoko kwave ndokuramba Pazvakava zvinowanikwa Nokufema kutsikisa chinoitwa nevaNazi wake chivaraidzo. Gare gare, mumwe chokwadi vakaratidza ne vokuGermany wemamongi kuputika nezvimwe vatsvakurudzi uye masayendisiti.

Pashure pehondo, wemamongi yakavharwa uye pasisina kuwanikwa vanhu devyatsot makore chiuru nemakumi matanhatu chete. Gare gare, paiva idzva sefungu Anti-zvechitendero, uye wemamongi vakava refu kuzadzikisa basa rimwe miziyamu pane Svjatina. Kazhinji hunotungamirira kutungamirirwa Tours pakati mumapako nesayenzi akatsanangura mamiriro zvimwe zvinoera, asi achiri vakaedza vaKristu kunamata mapfupa uye okumbira kudzivirira yavatsvene.

Chishamiso nokuti Orthodox uye asingatsananguriki chokwadi kuti masayendisiti ndiwo chidzoke zvitsauko zvitatu Mura-dzichidirana pamusoro munharaunda Far Caves wemamonk. Sezvo zviremera akabvumira mabasa zvitsauko vechitendero yakabudiswa nemura. Chii chinobatanidzwa kwaro sezvamunoita, masayendisiti haana kuwanikwa kusvikira ikozvino, chete akasimbisa kuti rinoreva mupenyu Muviri haisi pamusana kwemakemikari.

Modern Kiev-Pechersk Lavra

Photos of ichi uye pakutanga chimiro chechi regai kusiyana. simba Modern chete akadzorera chivako kuramba nhoroondo nderechokwadi. Muna 1990, nharaunda yose wemamongi akanga akanyorwa ari UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Kubvira muna 1992 kusvikira nhasi svyaschennoarhimandritom Lavra ndiye Metropolitan pamusoro Kiev Vladimir Sabodan. A gore pashure ake kudomwa, vakatanga basa iri kudzorerwa wemamongi. Muna 2000, Church of Kiev-Pechersk Lavra yakavakwa uye vatsvene.

Kunze wemamongi, yeOrthodox Academy, Typography, hoyu Kiev Caves National Park. In yokumusoro chikamu yake welaurel. Nokuti vana uye kubvuma isina vanobatsirwa, uye vamwe vane kutenga tikiti nokuti nderwokufananidzira ukoshi (makore maviri apfuura, tikiti mutengo Hryvnia matatu).

Vashanyi kuona mumapako, makamuri, makuva, masero zvemamongi, shongwe, masvingo, namasuwo, dzidzo uye kubudiswa masangano, pazvivako, machechi. Nenzira, pamutemo nzvimbo wemamongi pane mukana chaivo rwavakaita unokubvumira kuzvionera Kiev-Pechersk Monastery (mapikicha nzvimbo dzakasiyana kunowedzera kana kudzvanya ane cursor).

Laurus rakasiyana nemamwe zvayo munhoroondo kukosha, nzvimbo yechitendero, ngano inoshamisa, mapurani zvinotyisa vanhu vose, zvisinei nekutenda uye rudzi. The kuitika wemamongi unokubvumira kutarisa zvinhu zvizhinji zvakasiyana. VaKristu vakawanda vanoti kudzoka kubva ipapo vamwe vanhu. Nezvishamiso kana iri basa nokutenda kana subconscious, asi nzvimbo tsvene akabatsira afungezve nzira yavo youpenyu.

Dormition Kiev-Pechersk Lavra: zvose zvivako

At wemamongi yakawanda zvivako:

• bhero shongwe (Lavrska The distal, proximal);
• Gate Temple;
• Church (Trinity Gate, Holy Cross, Annozachatievskaya, refectory, the Annunciation, Kumuka Kristu, Muponesi musi Berestove, Dzokuberekwa Mhandara Yakakomborerwa, St. Nicholas, "Upenyu-kupa Spring", "vose seane uchenjeri Fathers of Caves");
• chipatara kuvaka St. Nicholas wemamonk;
• matsime Monahov Antoniya, Theodosius;
• Tower (Ivan Kuschnika, kupenda, Onufrievskaya, maawa);
• pokugara (pamapatya, zvoupfumi, kudhinda, Kovnirovsky);
• mumasero vakuru wemamongi;
• Home magavhuna;
• namaberere remapako;
• Wall (Debosketovskaya, guta);
• Gate (Economic Community pamusoro West, South);
• Theological Academy, Seminary;
• Kiev Culture School;
• Metropolia;
• Chapel;
• Monument sahwira Nestor;
• Tomb P. Stolypin.

Mukuwedzera mapurani hurongwa evashanyi kazhinji vanofarira mifananidzo (Rusimudzirwo of Cross, Bor, nokufungidzira kuti Amai vaMwari, Nicholas Good, mununuri, Svenskaya Caves, "Cave Praise"), zvisaririra Stephen muApostora, pakati Metropolitan Pavla Tobolskogo, Kiev madzibaba Vladimir uye Filaret Mirotochivogo chitsauko. nzvimbo dzose idzi vapfumi Kiev-Pechersk Lavra (mufananidzo mifananidzo). Wemamongi anogara yakatsvikinyidzana (daily munamato mabasa). Nguva kuona zvose, zviri nani kuti uende ikoko mangwanani.