Human Development Index

Munguva ichangopfuura vezvenhau inogona anzwa Human Development Index (HDI). Ndinodawo zvakawanda kutaura zvizere pamusoro nhamba iyi, uye kunzwisisa sei chinorondedzerwa saizvozvo.

Pakutanga kuvandudza munhu indekisi - ndiro zvoupfumi chakarurama kuti rinoshandiswa UN kuti tizive unhu upenyu munyika dzakasiyana. Zvakakosha varege kuvhiringidza pfungwa iyi kunaka kwoupenyu, zviri unopfuura tsanangudzo dzakasiyana. Mararamiro anogona munguva dhigirii zvokunyama zvakanaka, kureva, vanhu kugutsikana kwavo kubudirira zvokunyama. Panyaya iyi, avhareji mararamiro munyika kunogona läpinäkyvä tsika kwakaratidzwa nokushandisa GDP chete chairema vemo. Nepo pfungwa "kunaka kwoupenyu" chine "chisingaoneki" muupenyu. Izvi zvingasanganisira upenyu uye utano, mukana kupedza nguva yavo yokuzorora uye kuzorora, tsika kupfuma wenyika, ayo pamwero kukura pakunamata, etc.

Hazvina musoro kuti kuona kunaka upenyu zvakaoma zvakakwana, nokuti pfungwa iyi zvikuru chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda uye haunzwisisiki, rinosanganisira dzinoverengeka zvinhu, mukuwedzera, hazvigoni kutaurwa mari nemashoko. Kuti aite izvi, unofanira kushandisa kuti chinokosha indekisi yakati, asi musakanganwa kuti iyi nyaya hazvibviri kuverenga mashoko zirokwazvo yakarurama uye zvakarurama.

Saka izvi chinhu chinokosha chokukomborerwa kuvandudza kwevanhu indekisi, iyo yakatanga muna 1990 ne nezvoupfumi zviviri vatorwa Pakistani Mahbub Ul-hacks uye Indian Amartya Sen. Pashure paizvozvo, kubvira 1993, mushumo UN pagore kupedza nesimba pamusoro pokumuka chinoratidza ichi kuti anoratidza kukosha HDI kuti nyika dzakawanda munyika. Tapota ona kuti nemashoko UN, anozivikanwa kunonoka 2 years.

indekisi urombo, izvo Zvisinei, haasi kushandiswa nevakawanda - imwe nzira chiyero kwave akatanga kusvika HDI. Zvichida chinoita kuti ichi ndicho dissonant zita, iro anochinja kuti capitalist ezvinhu munyika dzakawanda. Zviya, nhamba iyi zvakare inofungidzirwa ive indekisi evanhu mukana.

At paro, dziri HDI rine zviratidzo zvitatu huru - nemararamiro inogona dzinoongororwa nokuda zvakakomba mumhuri chigadzirwa pa capita, indekisi dzidzo, kureva, padanho kuverenga chavagari, uyewo upenyu anotarisirwa.

Education zviratidzo zvinosanganisira mwero vakura kuverenga, uyewo zvinonakisa chikamu vadzidzi. Ndiko kuwanda kuverenga vanhu pakati vagari mamiriro, riri kare makore 15 okuberekwa uye zvinogona kunzi nechiidzo pamusoro chechetere. Kuverenga munhu anogona kunzi munhu anogona kuverenga uye kunyora nyore mashoko chokuita muupenyu hwavo. Kazhinji, kuverenga mwero kunogona kutsanangurwa census, asi voitakura kunze kamwe pamakore 10. Kuti dzipupurire nhamba iyi, vakabata gore negore nokuda zvidzidzo isina kunanga kuti vanoedza zvakarurama kuziva uwandu kuverenga vanhu vechokwadi. Somuenzaniso, kuitisa Ongororo vanhu kupinda muwanano kana vaiendeswa. Zvinofanira akati kuti yakadaro nzira Anosarudza haagoni kupa yakarurama uye kwakakwana mufananidzo kuverenga pakati zvikamu zvose vemo.

The Human Development Index vanogona ukoshi pakati razero uye mumwe. Zvinonzi pakutsvaga nzira, apo svomhu kunoreva kufungwa chokupika zvose indices vatatu vataurwa pamusoro. Kuti maindex shanduro kusvika indekisi mutengo, izvo zvinogona kuitwa sechinhu kusanganiswa ukoshi kubva 0 kusvika mumwe, zvinoita kuti tikwanise kufunga zvakasiyana chaizvo uye zvakasiyana metrics mune imwe Integrated chakarurama.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti dzakawanda haana kuiswawo dzemaitirwe weUnited Nations. Small nyika dzokuEurope dzakadai Liechtenstein, San Marino, Monaco, Andorra haana kubudisa mashoko avo. News in upfumi nyika idzi vanoti HDI chaizvo, kufanana makore 10 apfuura. Dzimwe nyika havasati rakaiswawo UN inoshuma, izvi zvinosanganisira partition yeSerbia uye Montenegro, uyewo Macau uye Taiwan, asi maererano rokutanga data, vane refu kwazvo HDI.

A nyika pane hondo, haichawaniki kutsanangura indekisi ravo kukura. Zviri nyika dzakadai Liberia, Afghanistan, Somalia, etc. Zvinogona vakafunga kuti nhamba iri munyika idzi ichava zvikuru pasi.