Concrete - chii ichi? Ndezvipi chesamende makirasi vari ikoko?

Concrete - rakagadzirwa nevanhu ibwe zvinhu zvokuvaka icho yaunganidzwa Kuumbwa uye solidifying zvakanaka vakasarudzwa musanganiswa dzine simende, mvura, uye akanaka uye zvinonyadzisa fillers. Zvose izvi zviri kuwana chisimbiso fanira. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, chaiwo yokuvirisa anoshandiswa, uye kana toreva Asphalt kongiri, mvura haina kushandiswa.

zvinoriumba

Pachazvo kongiri - musanganiswa ejecha mvura, somugumisiro maitiro pakati samende ibwe riri kuumbwa, Bonding rimwe monolith zviyo fillers kushandiswa. Marongerwo uye zvivako nekongiri pakuti izvi zvinhu. Yochinja ayo mwero porosity, kufarira kuti matambudziko kunetseka okurapa nguva uye yekudyidzana akazoita deformation nekongiri mu nedanho solidification. Concrete rava huru pakuvaka zvinhu zvaishandiswa zvose munzvimbo nokuti kuti anopa uchapupu mikana pagadzirwe wemisanganiswa nedzimwe ehupfumi pamwe kuwedzera fillers siyana. Zviri maitiro aya, uye akazarura saka rakafara applicability.

Concrete - a rakasimba zvinhu rurefu mwero moto nemishonga, ayo arambe achirema, mukurumari uye mamwe maitiro zvinogona kuchinjwa nokukupa chaiwo ehupfumi. Zvakakodzera kugadzira musanganiswa anogona kubereka zvandinenge chimiro mamiriro pamwe mapurani zvinhu uye STRUCTURAL makanika.

A Nhoroondo shoma

Somunhu chivakwa zvinhu chakagadzirwa, zvinosanganisira mvura, fillers uye simende kongiri anozivikanwa kubva kare. Makore anopfuura zviuru zvinomwe akapfuura raishandiswa pakuvaka Vagari Mesopotamia purazi zvivako uye dzimba. Takashandisa uye vavaki Pyramids Great. Romans kongiri kuvakwa kwave kusundwa kuvandudza - vakasiya shure kwete chete nheyo zvivako, asiwo kune yose inoperera zvezvivako kongiri. Design zviri Roman migwagwa, domes, namaberere uye guva chino uye ikozvino havana kurasa kukosha kwavo. Zvisinei, kuMiddle Ages, Roman kongiri kugadzira michina kwave zvachose akarasika.

Chokwadi, mutana kongiri - hachisi chinhu chimwe sezvo ano. musiyano Its chikuru chiri murwiyo, panguva iyoyo pakanga pasina simende. Sezvo bhainda kushandiswa gypsum, madota kana ivhu.

zvinoitwa

simba kongiri - ndicho chinonyanya kukosha tsika ine yakananga kukanganisa mabasa parameters kwemashoko acho. Pasi pfungwa iyi akatorwa kureva chesamende kukwanisa kukurira nehasha vezvenhau uye kwokunze zvemaziso masimba. ukoshi Izvi pakutsvaga kuzvidzora nzira: ultrasonic uye nomuviri. In GOST 18105-86 mitemo wainyatsotaura muchizviedza simba kongiri mu vachikotama, kunetsana uye compression. Imwe maitiro ndiwo coefficient kuti kushanduka, achiratidza zvakafanana pakati musanganiswa.

Zvinoenderana GOST 10180-67 kutsunga simba tensile nekongiri rinobudiswa pana compression kudzora kuutio, mbabvu kuva pakukura 200 mm mumazuva 28. Izvi mhando inonzi kuutio simba. Uyezve GOSTs inoshandiswa kuona simba uye achiri SNiPy. Somuenzaniso, shoma nokutorera simba nekongiri hurongwa pasi waburuswa chinjikira span kureba 6 metres vanofanira kanenge 70% of zvakagadzirwa simba, uye ane kureba kupfuura 6 metres - 80% of magadzirirwo simba. Muchiitiko chino, zvakakosha simba pfuma. Sezvazviri dzinongoitika ibwe, ichi zvinhu zvinonyanya husingakwanisi compression, pane kunetsana, saka ndiyo simba mukuru chakarurama ichi anosarudzwa sezvo huru yokuona.

ehupfumi

Concrete - zvokunyama ane simba ari hunhu, achikura somugumisiro physico-kwemakemikari dzinotsanagura nekuita pakati ejecha mvura, iyo anomhanya zvakakodzera nyorovera uye ushamwari ezvinhu. Zvakangoitikawo kuti mashoko pachioma kana yakaomeswa, izvi kwapera. Kare, vachiyanikira kana kuoma nechando kukanganisa zvakaipa hwokupedzisira zvechadenga zvinhu.

zvakafanana

Pachiimbwa zvimwe zvinhu zvose kufanana simba anoenderana unhu uye zviri vakashandisa aggregates, kunyanya kana vamwe zvivako neyokupedzisira regai kupa simba kuitwa kongiri. Naizvozvo, pfungwa iyi kwakabatana yapfuura mumwe, kunyange zvazvo experimental Data dzinoratidza kuti ukama uyu haasiye zvazviri. By kuwedzera homogeneity pamusoro kongiri kuonekwa mikana yakawanda yayo inobudirira kushanda.

kufanana indekisi Akatsunga somugumisiro miedzo kudzorwa ivhu akaita kubva kongiri kushanda nevamwe vaida ehupfumi. Somuenzaniso, muna muitiro pakuverenga ari chinoratidza pakuongororwa yakanyorwa musi zvakaenzana uye mamiriro ezvinhu kuchengetera ivhu ravnovozrastnyh zvinhu. Kufanana mu waterproofness vagara vandifungira kuedza mimwe chete ukobvu pasi ezvinhu kushandiswa chete nzira.

arambe achirema

Ichi kongiri chinhu chiri zvakanaka yakaoma, sezvo dzinosiyana zvichienderana izvo zvinoumba vari kuwedzera musanganiswa. Kuwedzera arambe achirema pamusoro kongiri zvinogona kushandiswa pozzolan Portland simende, izvo anowedzera kana aluminous simende, kwete nokuumba voids panguva solidification. Kubatsira parameter ichi uye yokuvirisa, plasticisers, izvo kazhinji anovandudza zvinoitwa wapedza nezvakasanganiswa. Kana samende nziyo anoenderana State, kutara kwayo unozivikanwa arambe achirema.

makirasi

Panguva iyoyo, pane mhando dzakawanda. Lightweight kongiri - a zvinhu arambe achirema inova 500-1800 makirogiramu / m ^3. kirasi ichi zvinosanganisira: furo kongiri, rakatsaurirwa ivhu lightweight kongiri, aerated kongiri, cellular, arbolit, perlite uye vermiculite kongiri. In musanganiswa yakadaro aitaridzika vanokwanisa pashure Kurapwa iwayo diki. Normal kana rinorema kongiri, dzinoratidzwa arambe achirema pamusoro 1800-2500 makirogiramu / m ^3. Somunhu filler rakashandiswa pano chips, mavhu. Izvi mhando rinoshandiswa kuvaka indasitiri, zvinonzi nechokwadi chokuti yakawedzerwa nemishonga kupfeka. Zvikurukuru rinorema kongiri kirasi - zvokunyama ane arambe achirema kupfuura 2500 makirogiramu / m ^3. wemisanganiswa kwakadaro inoshandiswa kuvaka renyukireya nesimba zvinomera, nekuti vane ehupfumi kudzivirira pamusoro ionizing nemwaranzi.

mugiredhi kongiri

Ichi chimwe maitiro inokosha mashoko. Chokukomborerwa compressive simba inoratidza kuramba axial compression. Mark kongiri pamusoro kuwedzera inoratidza kurwisa kuti axial Makakatanwa kudzora ivhu. The paakati rinoratidza uwandu chando humwewo thawing uye oma zvinogara. Brand kongiri mvura inoratidza uko yaitsigira divi kumanikidzwa hydraulic kongiri handidi achigarira maoko mukufamba urongwa yokuedzwa.

zvakawanikwa

Paivakwa chero chinangwa zvakanaka mhinduro iri kutenga akagadzirira-zvakavhenganiswa kongiri, kugadzirwa zvizere uchiwirirana nezvinodiwa State, nekuti zvakaoma kuita zvinodiwa mugumisiro kweShanduro warwo uye pasina chinokosha michina.