Chii mupumburu, bhuku rekare, zvinyorwa? Sei uye kubva zvinhu vakanga vakaita?

Mumwe mufudzi inowanikwa Qumran mumapako makate mipumburu. Akanga asina pfungwa chii pfuma. Zvino mipumburu iyi yakaramba mumamiziyamu, kuongorora nyanzvi dzavo. Ndicho mukuru hwakawanda huripo makopi Matsvene.

Chii chinonzi mupumburu

The bhuku racho aripo muchimiro chete akazviratidza muzana remakore rokutanga AD. Rakanzi "Code". Izvi vakabayiwa kupinda machira uye vasonanidza zvikamu rwakapetwa - refu Matandira, yematehwe kana nenhokwe. Mipumburu akadana mabhuku. Kwaiva dzokuchengetera uye mumaraibhurari, rinosvika kusvika mipumburu 700,000 (Library of Alexandria).

Vose - the zvinyorwa, zvakanyorwa noruoko. Mipumburu vertically zvakachengetwa mumidziyo. Vakanga zvinodhura. Unogona kusvika mamita anoverengeka. Long mabhanzi ndakakuvadza unokosha rinopfungaira mbambo pamwe plugs. Pane aigona kuva maviri, nani rokuwedzera uye kuverenga.

mupumburu Ancient akanga mhando mbiri zvinyorwa: chaiko, nembiru orugwaro, akafanana peji ano, uye chinopfuurira. The yokupedzisira aishandiswa magwaro.

Sei nhokwe uye parchment

Kuti tinzwisise kuti rugwaro nenhokwe, unofanira kuziva pamusoro fekitari. Kukura pamahombekombe Nile mhuka nomudonzvo kumorwa, ndokunatsawo kubva yokumusoro svuura uye akatema kukura jira. Ipapo ozeyewa pamwe chidimbu chimwe nechimwe achitevedza fibers uye flattened.

Several kwakadaro zvidimbu dzine akaisa pamusoro paasingazonyuri, ipapo pamusoro rukoko rakaiswa mhiri faibha preforms. Chakatsindirwa nokudzvinyirirwa. Uye saka kakati. Isu sengere muto - akafanana guruu, matsva yenhokwe vakaramba vakabatana uye kuva akakodzera kunyora. Guruu aigona metres vashomanana web.

nedehwe kugadzira chidobi nokuti tsamba ichatsanangura chii mupumburu yematehwe. Makwai Dehwe akanga kunyorova muna kwesuko mhinduro, akashamba, uye akatambanudza pamusoro mumatanda. Ipapo scrapings kubviswa, yakabwinyiswa uye ironed pumice, choko vachidzipukuta. Zvino mipumburu izvi zvinogona kuonekwa mumamiziyamu.

How kunyora mipumburu

Kune nzira mbiri mipumburu mukugadzira. Text anogona kunyora pamusoro omupumburu kuti vasonanidza chinokosha. Scriptorium, imwe nzvimbo kunyora manyoro, pakutanga haana vakapakata desks. vanyori kazhinji akanyora pasi dhikitesheni, replicating zvimwe wenyaya. Ndakagara pasi, vakaita tsamba pamakumbo ake. Gare gare mune tafura chete mudziyo sezvo dhesiki, shure izvo vanonyora kana nyorazve magwaro.

Books akanyorwa pasi murayiro, rakanyorwa kubva chete enhokwe mifananidzo. Vaikwanisa zvinosanganisira diagrams, vanodhirowa uye makuru decoration tsamba. Marii kupfuura kwakajairika, kudzokororwa mabhuku.

vanhu Modern regai kufunga kuti akadaro roll. Asi ichi ndicho ichikosha yose yevanhu. Wadii vanoshanyira miziyamu uye havana kuzviona pachedu?