Chii mungano. The mungano yekare, zvenhaka, Roman, Greek Ancient

In mungano dzekare vanhu kutaura pfungwa dzavo pamusoro nyika, vakatenda kuvapo Olympus, kudenga uye pachivande umambo. Ancient mungano yechiGiriki anotaura nezvekwakabva vamwari uye vanhu vakawanda zvakajeka. VaGiriki kuchengeta mazana ngano pamusoro sei tsika magamba vakaberekerwa, chii mukurumbira? uye sei kusunungura mugumo wavo.

Chii mungano? Pfungwa vanamwari uye magamba

Rinoshandurwa kubva pane rechiGiriki rokuti "ngano" rinoreva "nyaya". chikamu ichi dzingasanganisira nengano vamwari, magamba uye anoshandisa zvakasikwa. Nhema vachinzwisisa sezvo chokwadi nekufambisa kubva kumarudzi namarudzi. Inogona angapokana kuti ndiye mumwe mukuru siyana ngano.

Nhema waiva mugumisiro ngano-kugadzira: yose zvakasikwa uye nyika yakanga yakaumbwa zvisikwa anoumba munharaunda. VaGiriki vekare fetishirovali zvenyama zvinhu uye nemauto, akafuridzira kwavari. Around ari asingatsananguriki, chii yaivamo murume anonzi nemasimba emidzimu. vanamwari vechiGiriki vaiva anthropomorphic. Vakanga munhu nechitarisiko uye mashiripiti ruzivo, vanogona kuchinja chimiro uye vakanga usingafi. Kufanana nevanhu, vamwari akaita zvakapembererwa, akakunda uye vakanga novimba zvishoma simba panguva Pakutanga, zvinhu - vanamwarikadzi vatatu wematambudziko. Moira afunga njodzi nerimwe zvokudenga nezvepanyika mugari, saka haana kuda nharo navo, kunyange Zeus.

Ngano rakasiyana chitendero?

All marudzi ekare, kusanganisira echiGiriki neechiRoma, vakapfuura padariro un'anga zvidhori. Pakutanga, nyaya kutya kungava zvinhu matanda uye simbi, izvo nokukurumidza akatanga kuwana hurukuro yacho naMwari, asi mifananidzo vachiri rusine vasina mweya, uye simba remashiripiti.

Mythology uye chitendero - pfungwa akafanana, uye dzimwe nguva zvakaoma kuziva musiyano mavari, sezvo wechipiri chinhu chinoumba chikamu chokutanga. Zvitendero National Vakawanda vakanamata anthropomorphic venyama rusununguko remweya simba - ndicho vamwari, ane kusiyana zvinogona kuonekwa tsika yeRoma uye nechiGiriki. Kuvapo chero chitendero hazvibviri pasina mungano. Heroes kurwa, kuroorwa, bereka vana - izvi zvose zvinoitika pamwe kutora chikamu kwe masimba uye mashiripiti. Panguva apo ngano iri kuedza kutsanangura chomweya zviitiko, anotanga kuwana rechitendero coloring.

Ancient mungano yose zvombo tsika nyika

Fridrih Shona nharo kuti pasina echiGiriki uye Roman zvinofurira aisazova Europe ano. The kumutsidzirwa nhaka Greek yekare akatanga muna Renaissance nguva, apo vanyori, ezvivako uye vaimbi kamwe vakatanga zvakare kutora femero kubva nyaya ndero uye ngano Roman. Nhasi mumamiziyamu yose nyika dzinoturwa rakaisvonaka zvifananidzo zvavanamwari nezvimwe venyama vaenzi, asi mifananidzo angamuudza nezvomumwe nguva chiitiko chinokosha. The Musoro "mungano" uye nevanyori aifarira "Golden Age". To kare kupindamo Pushkin uye Derzhavin, chete kuratidza pfungwa yavo, havana kushandisa bhurasho nomuti uye neshoko.

Chinoshamisa, nhema echiGiriki uye Roman vanhu vakaumba hwaro hwenyika nemagariro, kunyange pashure pemazana emakore akawanda kudaro. Modern murume ane akasiyana nemaonero nezvekwakabva zvinhu zvose, zvisinei, harimiri kureva pfungwa dzekare uye vanakidzwe famba nemagariro nhaka mazuva akare. Nhema kwaiva kuedza kutanga kutsanangura zvose, uye kwemazana emakore awana kwete zvechitendero, uye aesthetic hunhu. Pakugona vevatambi vanotaurwa muna "Odyssey" uye "rinonzi Iliad" uye kukwezva varume nhasi uye vakadzi kuedza zvisikwa uye runako kufanana Venus, Aphrodite, Diana. Zvinosuruvarisa vanhu vakawanda havana vachikoshesa kukosha kuti sei kuva chikamu ngano uye mungano muupenyu murume ano. Asi kutamba chihombe basa mutsika munyika.

Mabviro Nyika

Ancient mungano vaGiriki uye vaRoma iri zvinoorora mavambo. Vakawanda vachiri kushamisika kuti vanhu vaigona kumiririra nyika saka nounyanzvi - uye pamwe zvakanga zvose kuti zvechokwadi? Pakutanga kwaiva Tobira, kubva paiva GAIA - the Earth. Panguva iyoyo paiva Eros (Love), Erebus (rima) uye Nyukta (usiku). MuTatarosi akaberekwa pevhu - a hellish nzvimbo vatadzi vanotumirwa pashure porufu. Kubva rima pausiku, akatora Eteri (chiedza) uye Hemera (Day). Earth akabereka Uranus (denga), uyo akawanikwa naye uye sired nhanhatu Titans uyo akapa nyika nzizi, gungwa mwarikadzi, zuva, mwedzi, mhepo. Zvino munyika maiva ose okunze, uye vanhu havana kuziva kutambudzika chero paiva zvisikwa zvakaipa. Pasi nokuda kwounyanzvi Cyclopes matatu, zvaakatadzisa Uranus godo murima, Jr. wainzi Krohn, akakwira akabuda akatora simba yababa vake. Kupandukira Mwanakomana vasingagoni kurangwa, uye zvimwe zviitiko sezvo ngano inoenda. Vanamwarikadzi uye vamwari, ainzi Rufu, Kurwa, unyengeri, kuparadzwa, Kurara uye Kutsiva, nokuti mhosva akaberekerwa Nyuktoy. Zvino paiva nyika yekare, maererano pfungwa chekare. Mhirizhonga mwana aigara paSheori, uye panyika, uye mumwe nomumwe aiva nechinangwa chawo.

Greek mungano vamwari

chitendero Ancient kwakasiyana zvikuru kubva nhasi, uye kana nhasi vamiririri mana makuru zvitendero vanotenda kuti kune Musiki mumwe chete, asi ane chiuru mashoma apfuura, vanhu vaiva maonero akasiyana. VaGiriki vaidavira kuti vanamwari vaigara matsvene Mount Olympus. Mumwe nomumwe akanga rwayo uye chinangwa. Mythology Ancient Greece chinomiririrwa vanamwari zvikuru gumi.

vanamwari veRoma

Zvagara zvakurukurwa muenzaniso mungano yechiGiriki. Mwarikadzi vaRoma vakanga mazita avo chepakutanga uye chinangwa, uye ndipo nyaya inoguma. Vanhu regai kukwira ngano itsva uye nyaya vakatora sezvikonzero vaGiriki, nekuti uri wavo yakanga zvikuru inopenya uye mavara. tsika Roman akanga zvishoma mupfumi, nguva zhinji saka akakweretwa kubva ndero nhaka.

VaRoma vakanga mukuru mwari Jupiter wake - Juno. Vaiva mabasa akafanana mungano yechiGiriki. Marine overlord - Neptune, uye aidzivirira pachoto - Vesta. Mwari nyikadzimu, Pluto akanga, sezvo mukuru wehondo - Mars. analogue Roman veAteni akanga Minerva, akanaka kuzoita - Phoebus, uye hanzvadzi yake Diana aiva dondo mudzimai. Venus - mwarikadzi rudo, akaberekwa kubva furo. Mercury sevasingafungi ne vafambi uye kubatsira vanhu vari kutengeserana. Mhizha Vulcan aiva Roman analogue pamusoro Hephaestus. Saka, kunyange zvazvo Roman mungano uye vasina kuva varombo, uwandu vanamwari kwakanga kwakafanana vaGiriki.

Sisyphean basa, kutya uye vamwe

It anova munhu kuburikidza nokushandisa mavara mashoko, phraseological zviumbu uye zvinoreva romubati okuti. Ancient mungano Runonzwika kwete chete mukuru mabhuku werudzii, asi muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Achitaura pamusoro kunyanyisa uye pasina basa, vanhu kazhinji anoshandisa dimikira "Sisyphean basa", kunyange pasina kungomhanyira ayo Mabviro, apo mashoko ane midzi yekare. Nokuti kusateerera kuna vanamwari uye mwanakomana Aeolus Enarety akarohwa zvakaomarara. For zvemakore Sisyphus ane kumonera ibwe guru mugomo, nekukwirira iyo hakuna muganhu, asi zvinokosha kuti kurega maoko anotambudzika - sezvo zidombo kupwanya naye.

Vhunduka Zvechokwadi ruzivo nomumwe wedu kanenge kamwe muupenyu hwako, uye mashoko aya isu chikwereti mwari Pan ane chinoshamisira nechitarisiko murume ane mbudzi makumbo. Ake angoerekana hwechisikwa rinopamura kutya muna vafambi, asi kubva ake kwakavanzika kuseka rukawomerera ari mutsinga ake ropa. Uye kuratidzwa "kutya" zvinoreva kutya chinhu asingatsananguriki.

Tantalus - vamwari unyengeri Greek vari kuedza kuba kubva patafura dzavo zvokudya zvinoshamisa uye kudzigovera vanhu, nokuti icho airangwa zvakaomarara. Wenhamo akanga mugehena, uye aneta nenyota, aisagona kudhakwa nekuti akanga kusvikira mumutsipa wake nemvura. Akanga chete kushamisa muromo wake - imvura nokupera. Zvino kwakaonekwa dimikira "inosvosva mwoyo".

Vanhu vasingazivi chii mungano pachavo kubvumira pachavo kushamisira pfungwa, kutaura kwake dzinonakidza idioms. In ake paakaita Homer yakatsaurirwa ndima dzinoverengeka dzinorondedzera isingadzorwi kuseka vanamwari. Great kazhinji vanobvuma kuseka chinhu goofy uye vachinyara, apo vakaseka simba zvizere. Saka akaberekwa rokuti "Homeric kuseka".

Rengano yemisoro ari mabhuku ichangopfuura emakore

Fair kutaura pamusoro simba pamusoro dzekare tsika pamusoro Russian nhetembo. Nokuti rekare rechiGiriki nhaka aiwanzonyengetera Alexander Pushkin, uye ake itsva mundima "Eugene Onegin", unogona bvisa yakawanda ndima, izvo yakabudisa mazita Zeus, Juvenal, Circe, Terpsichore, Flora uye vamwe vanamwari. Dzimwe nguva unogona kuwana nomumwe mashoko kana mashoko ose akanyorwa muchiGiriki. chidobi Izvi zvinoshanda kunyange munguva dzazvino, uye kazhinji venhau, vezvematongerwo enyika uye dzimwe nhamba nesimba vanosarudza kutaura aphorisms. C`est the Vie rinonzwika zvikuru dzakarongwa pane kungoti "ndizvozvo upenyu" uye tsamba, mumwe mutongo rakapera Vale and ini ama anowana kukosha uye kudzama pfungwa. Nenzira, gamba iri yokufungidzira kubudikidza Pushkin pachake akasarudza kupedza shoko mutsetse uyu muchiGiriki.

mudetembi Russian Osip Mandelstam aiziva kuti mungano kwakadaro, uye kukwezvana wake kare akatanga yokutanga kuunganidzwa "Stone". Mune nhetembo rinooneka mifananidzo Erebus, Homer kuti Odyssey, uye vane Golden Fleece. Detembo Silentium!, Iro rinoshandurwa kubva muchiLatin rinoreva "runyararo" kunokonzera muverengi kufarira nezita rayo chaizvo. The heroine mune lyrical rugwaro - mwarikadzi Aphrodite, iyo Mandelstam panodana kuramba furo egungwa.

Muvambi Russian okufananidzira Valeriy Bryusov anoona kuti "Roma pedyo" kwaari, mungano saka Roman kakawanda muvhangeri rake enhetembo inofambirana. Nemabasa anoti Agamemnon, Orpheus, Amphitryon, Orion wokupemberera kunaka Aphrodite, uye anomubvunza kuti kutora ndima iyi; Rinoreva mwari Eros rudo.

Gavrila Derzhavin Akasiya pachena weRoma nyanduri Horace ode "To Melpomene". The chikuru Pfungwa nhetembo "Monument" - haagumi ari wokufananidzira nhaka uye kuziva basa rake. A emakore mashoma Aleksandr Pushkin akanyora basa zvakafanana zita uye epigraph rinoreva kuRoma. Exegi monumentum rinoshandurwa kubva muchiLatin rinoreva "Handina shongwe.." Saka, musoro chokusafa kunoratidzwa zvitatu vadetembi huru: Horace, Derzhavin uye Pushkin. Geniuses zvinoratidza kuti mabhuku uye mungano anogona mushandirapamwe kuvapo, uye nokuda chokubatana kwavo vazvarwa chigadzirwa kukuru.

Art uye mavakirwo pamusoro vanotongwa mungano

Peter Sokolov Painting "Daedalus, Icarus mapapiro tethering" anonzi pamusoro yakaisvonaka hwemashiripiti, saka kakawanda pasi kukopa. Basa rakanga rakanyorwa muna 1777 uye nhasi iri hwakaratidza muna Tretyakov Gallery. The Artist airohwa kubudikidza nengano guru vomuAtene muvezi Daedalus, uyo pamwe chete nomwanakomana wake Icarus akaiswa mujeri refu shongwe. Dodger chingagadzirwa mapapiro kubva neminhenga uye wakisi, uye rusununguko sokuti vatova pedyo ... Icarus nendege kumusoro kusvikira zuva - chiedza ichiri ndege yake, uye mukomana akawira uye yakadonha.

The Hermitage rakasiyana jira asara chinokosha pashure munopenga akadurura pamusoro payo uye vakabayiwa acid. Chinhu "akapiwa" - ari mufananidzo waMwari Rembrandt. Chetatu mucheka payakarovera, uye kudzorerwa akatora anopfuura gumi nemaviri. Kubva mungano anogona kuwanikwa kuti Danae akaiswa mujeri pashongwe baba yake, kana yokupedzisira zvafanotaurwa kuparadzwa muruoko naPerseus - mwanakomana womwanasikana.

Antique mungano mubereko uye zvivezwa Russian, sezvo simbi zvinhu kusarudzwa kuti basa. The wendarira chivezwa "Marsyas" Feodosiya Schedrina anouya chinotevera gamba ngano yekare. Forest satyr akaratidza ushingi uye akasarudza kutaura Apollo aikwikwidza ari unyanzvi mumhanzi. Kufara flutist nokuda kwehasha yakanga yakasungirirwa muti, apo vaibviswa ganda naye.

Piazza della Signoria muFlorence iri yakashongedzwa machena chivezwa "Menelaus kutsigira muviri Patroclus", akasikwa pachishandiswa pabindu "The rinonzi Iliad." chifananidzo The yepakutanga yakanga akaveza zviuru zviviri apfuura. Patroclus, akasiya kundorwa Hector panzvimbo achilles, kamwe kuurayiwa, uye Menelaus anobata muviri wake upenyu uye kufunga kutsiva. Ancient mungano kazhinji vanofarira zvivezwa sezvo zvokufuridzirwa nyaya Munhu. Creators haana kuzeza rinoratidza makakombama dzomuviri Musafukidza mbatya dzakanaka.

"The Odyssey" uye "rinonzi Iliad" sezvo porusvingo dzekare mungano

Zviitiko zvekare zvechiGiriki zvinodzidzwa muzvikoro uye zvikoro zvepamusoro, uye avo vanoratidzwa mavari vachiri kukweretwa nevanyori kuti vagadzire nyaya uye nhoroondo. Nhoroondo dzekare-kare dzinomiririrwa nemapurovhinzi anonzi "Odyssey" uye "Iliad", muumbi waanoonekwa seHomer. Akanyora mabasa ake muzana remakore rechi8 BC, uye makore maviri chete gare gare akanyorwa neAtenean anonyanyisa Pisistratus, uye kusvikira panguva iyoyo vakaparidzirwa nevaGiriki kubva pamuromo kusvika pamuromo. Nharo pamusoro pekunyorwa yakamuka maererano nekuti zvikamu zvepikisi zvakanyorwa panguva dzakasiyana-siyana, uyewo zvinonetseka kuti zita raHomer mukushandura rinoreva "mapofu."

"Odyssey" inotaurira nezvezvakaitwa namambo weItca, uyo akanga ari muutapwa naNym Calypso kwemakore gumi, ndokubva asarudza kudzokera kumba. Iyo hero inomirira zvinetso: inosvika kuchiwi cheLestrigonians-cannibals neCyclopes, inoshambira pakati peScylla neCharybdis, inoburukira kumahombekombe, asi munguva pfupi inodzokera kumudiwa wake Penelope, uyo akamumirira akatendeka kwemakore ose ndokuramba vose vatsigiri.

"Iliad" ishoko rinotyisa, iro rinotaura pamusoro peTritain hondo yakamuka nekuda kwekubatwa kweChristina Elena. Odysseus inobatanidzwawo mune zviito, izvo zvinoonekwa pamberi pevaverengi mushure mekunyengera uye mutongi wezvematongerwo enyika achiziva nounyanzvi. Iyo hero huru yemapikisi - Achilles. Hondo huru dzinotungamirirwa naHector, uyo pakuguma anofa kufa kunotyisa.

Mythology yevamwe vanhu

MaGiriki neRoma inhaka ndeyepfuma uye yakaisvonaka, saka inoshandisa nzvimbo inotungamirira munhoroondo ye tsika dzepasi. Zvinyorwa zvekare zvekare zvakange zviripo pakati pemamwe vanhu, uye nyaya dzakawanda dzinopindirana. Zvinhu zvose zvinonamatwa zveSlav vekare, avo vasati vava gore ra988 vaiva vahedheni, vakaparadzwa nemachinda, avo vaida kusiya chiKristu sechitendero chimwe chete. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti vakanga vane zvifananidzo zvehuni zvePerun, Dazhdbog, Horsa. Zviduku zviduku zvakakosha zvakanga zvakafanana zvechiGiriki nymphs nevatendi.

MuEgypt, zvinyorwa zvinoramba zvichiri munzvimbo yekukudza. Vamwari vaAmoni, Anubis, Imhotep, Ra, Osiris nevamwe vanoratidzwa pamasvingo emipiramidi uye mune mamwe matemberi ekare. Nhasi, munyika ino, vanhu vazhinji vanoti ivo vaIslam neChiKristu, asi musaedza kupedza matanho echitendero chekare uye vane shungu pamusoro pemararamiro ematsika.

Nhema ndeyvenheyo yechitendero, uye maonero echitendero zvevanhu vaduku kana ehurukuro anogamuchirana nemitemo. Nyika imwe neimwe yeColandinavia ine tsika yake chaiyo, inayowo maIndia, Hispanics, Japanese, Caucasians, Eskimos, French. Iyi nhaka inopfuudzwa kubva kumarudzi kusvika kune mamwe marudzi mumuromo kana kunyorwa.

Vanodzidze kupi zvinyorwa?

Kuziva pamwe netsika yemararamiro evanhu kunotanga mumakirasi makuru echikoro. MuRussia, vana vanoziviswa kune nyaya dzechiRussia - kubva ku Kolobok kusvika kuIvan Tsarevich uye Grey Wolf. Makore mashomanana gare gare, mudzidzisi anovataurira nyaya dzeCharles Perrault uye Hama Grimm, uye mushure mokuguma kwechikoro chesekondari, vakomana nevasikana vanotanga kudzidza nezvekuvapo kwehurumende dzekare - Greece neRoma. Nhema uye nhoroondo dzinodzidzwa mumabhuku uye maitiro akanaka. Vakomana vanodzidza pamusoro pezvisikwa zvenyika kubva pakuonekwa kwevaGiriki vekare, zivo nevanamwari vakuru uye mashare. Mushure mokunge vadzidza bhuku rinonzi "Mythology, Grade 6", vana vechikoro vanobva vatanga kunzwisisa mutsauko pakati pezvinyorwa uye nhau uye vanoziva kuti machechi akawanda enyika anotsigira nhoroondo yevanhu vekare.

Muchikoro chepamusoro pane zvidzidzo varume vacho vanoedza kutanga kugadzira mifananidzo yezvigadzirwa zvekare, kudzidza zvidzidzo zvekare pane zvinyorwa zvevanyori vanokosha. Mune zvikoro zvepamusoro, vadzidzi-philologists vanoongorora mabhuku ekare uye vanoverengazve nhema, vanoziva basa ravo mukuumbwa kwetsika yenyika. Vanonyatsoziva kuti zvinyorwa ndezvipi, uye kuti zvakasiyana sei nechitendero. Pfungwa huru yekurayira kwakadaro ndeyokuti chizvarwa chechidiki hachikanganwi tsika dzekare uye dzine ruzivo rwakakwana rungashandiswa muupenyu uye mune ramangwana basa.