Characterization uye kupatsanura pakati yokudzivirira

Yokudzivirira (tsanangudzo, kupatsanura ari munyaya ino) vari immunological vamiririri vaishandisa kutoshanda majekiseni anodzivirira (zvimwe - kuumba vanoshingaira kutapata nemishonga muviri kune chaidzo utachiona hwakakura). WHO akapedzisa kubaya - the nzira kudzivirira zvirwere pathologies yakanakisisa. Nokuda kwayo yakakwirira kunyatsoshanda, ari nyore nzira, mukana navanopinda nhau yevanhu kuti nhomba kudzivirira boka guru pathologies, immunoprophylaxis munyika dzakawanda semhosva hurumende pokutanga.

kubaya

Vaccination - unokosha matanho kuti vadzivirire mwana kana akura kubva zvimwe pathologies zvachose kana kuderedza kuonekwa dzavo chiitiko.

A ndozvinoitawo zvinoitwa "kurovedza" dziviriro yezvirwere mumuviri. Kana achiita mushonga muviri (kana panzvimbo yake rokuzvidzivirira) kurwisa chirwere uye artificially akatanga "anoyeuka" ayo. Apo ré-chirwere kutapata iri kusashanda zvikuru nokukurumidza uye zvachose anoparadza dzimwe nevamiririri.

Mazita mabasa kubaya zvinosanganisira:

• vakasarudzwa vanhu kuti nhomba;
• zvinodhaka sarudzo;
• kuumba Dunhu of mushonga;
• kudzora kunyatsoshanda;
• kurapa (kana zvakakodzera) kungangokonzerwa matambudziko uye pathological siyana.

kubaya Nzira

• Intradermal. Muenzaniso ndiye BCG. Kutanga mhenyu mushonga anogadzirwa pamafudzi (rokunze wechitatu payo). A nzira yakafanana rinoshandiswawo kudzivirira tularemia, denda, brucellosis, hwechigwadara, Q fivha.
• Oral. Inoshandiswa kudzivisa poriyo uye chimbwamupengo. On nzendo kukura nomumukanwa vamiririri pamusoro yokuSpain, gwirikwiti, sefivha, meningococcal noutachiona.
• Subcutaneous. In nzira iyi, iyo mushonga hauna adsorbed iri chakaunzwa kana undercut rorudyi (rokunze pemvura pakati nepakati uye okumusoro muzvitatu fudzi) nharaunda. Advantages: yakaderera allergenicity, kudekara chourongwa, ari mukurumari ose kutapata (zvose omunharaunda uye general).
• Aerosol. Richishandiswa sezvo nechimbichimbi majekiseni anodzivirira. Ko nyanzvi aerosol Anti brucellosis, yokuSpain, tularemia, diphtheria, chigwadara urikanwi, whooping chikosoro, denda, rubella, gasi neronda rinonyenga, tibhii, tetenasi, typhus, fivha, zvanga zvine utachiona uhu, nemanyoka, mumps B.
• Intramuscular. Achibudiswa pechidya tsandanyama (yokumusoro chikamu perednenaruzhnuyu quadriceps chidya tsandanyama). Somuenzaniso, ari DTP.

Modern yokudzivirira kupatsanura

Pane mapoka akawanda pamusoro yokudzivirira.

1. kupatsanura zvinoreva maererano chizvarwa:

• 1 chizvarwa (corpuscular mushonga). Uyewo, akakamurwa attenuated (simba mhenyu) uye inactivated (vakaurayiwa) zvinoreva;
• 2nd chizvarwa: subunit (zvemakemikari) uye detoxified exotoxins (toxoids);
• 3 rinotaura chizvarwa recombinant yokudzivirira pamusoro nehepatitis B recombinant mushonga uye chimbwamupengo;
• Generation 4 (haana kuiswawo pakati tsika), kunomiririrwa plasmid DNA, chakaita zvokugadzirwa peptides, chirimwa yokudzivirira, yokudzivirira kuti ane MHC zvinhu uye idiotypic kurapa.

2. kupatsanura pakati yokudzivirira (zvidukuduku uye runoparadzanisa vave makirasi wandei) mavambo. By mavambo yokudzivirira akakamurwa:

• mupenyu, kuti chakaitwa wevapenyu, asi attenuated Micro-zvinenge;
• vakaurayiwa akasikwa pachishandiswa inactivated tusingaoneki nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana;
• mushonga mavambo yokudzivirira (ari mujinga zvikuru Yakanatswa maantigen);
• yokudzivirira kuti vakasikwa uchibatsirwa noutachiona nzira, akavapindurawo, akakamurwa:

- chakaita zvokugadzirwa yokudzivirira yakavakirwa oligosaccharides uye oligopeptides;

- DNA yokudzivirira;

- majini engineered mushonga akasikwa pachishandiswa zvigadzirwa zvinobva kwetunhu recombinant gadziriro.

3. Maererano nhengo Ar zvinodhaka, yokudzivirira pane zvinotevera kupatsanura (i.e., sezvo Ar ari yokudzivirira vangave):

• masero rose microbial (inactivated kana kurarama);
• nomumwe zvinoriumba masero microbial (vakawanda unodzivirira Ar);
• microbial muchetura;
• kubudikidza zvokugadzirwa nevanhu AG utachiona;
• Ar kuti yaunganidzwa magene ouinjiniya unyanzvi.

Zvichienderana kukwanisa kuva kutapata zvakakwanirana kana mumwe mumiririri:

• monovalent;
• poriyo.

Kupatsanura pakati yokudzivirira uchiwirirana ane seti cheAri:

• chikamu;
• corpuscular.

mhenyu yokudzivirira

Nokuti zvaAtemisi yokudzivirira dzakadaro kushandisa attenuated okuva zvinokonzera zvirwere. yokudzivirira vakadaro vane immunogenic ehupfumi, asi panowanikwa zviratidzo chirwere panguva majekiseni anodzivirira inowanzopiwa kwete kukonzera.

Somugumisiro kupinda pakati mhenyu mushonga mumuviri aumbwa muchitokisi nemishonga, mumwe secretory, humoral kutapata.

Zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira

Zvakanakira munhu mhenyu mushonga (kupatsanura, kushanda munyaya ino):

• A pasipasi chipimo chemushonga;
• mukana dzakasiyana nzira kubaya;
• nokukurumidza runningaway kutapata;
• mukuru kunyatsoshanda;
• pasi mutengo;
• ari immunogenicity zvikuru zvakasikwa;
• anoumbwa pasina preservatives;
• nokupesvedzera yokudzivirira dzakadaro Activate mhando dzose kutapata.

Negative divi:

• kana munhu simba rokuzvidzivirira mune murwere kana raitongwa mhenyu mushonga anogona kuva chirwere;
• mushonga kwakadai nehanya chaizvo tembiricha, saka kuunzwa "kusvibiswa" mhenyu mushonga kuva nenjodzi kana mushonga anorasikirwa ehupfumi dzayo;
• nekusagona sangana yokudzivirira izvi nevamwe kugadzirira mushonga, tichitarisa yaivhuvhuta zviitiko kana kurasikirwa kurapa efficacy.

Kupatsanura pakati yokudzivirira mhenyu

Zvinotevera mhando yokudzivirira vapenyu;

• Attenuated (kusimba) mushonga gadziriro. Ivo anobudiswa kubva utachiona kwakaderedza pathogenicity, asi akazivisa immunogenicity. Kana achiita kuti mushonga tisawirirane mumuviri hwapedyo Kufanana chirwere: infective vamiririri bereka, nokudaro achiita kuti paumbwe masoja mhinduro. Pakati zvakanakisisa inozivikanwa gadziriro mushonga zvakadaro kudzivirira sefivha, maronda, hwechigwadara, Q nefivha uye brucellosis. Asi unorema mhenyu yokudzivirira - antiviral zvinodhaka kubva adenoviral utachiona, yellow fever, mumps, Sabin mushonga (poriyo), rubella, gwirikwiti, bembo;
• Yokudzivirira vari yakashatiswa mumufambiro. Vari akaita maererano ukama okuva noutachiona pathologies. maantigen izvi zvakatsamwisa zvirwere mhinduro kuti vayambuke achitaura utachiona hwakakura maantigen. Mienzaniso yokudzivirira yakadaro mushonga prophylaxis pamusoro chibhokisi mhando chakaitwa pachishandiswa ari chibhokisi utachiona vaccinia uye BCG, pahwaro mycobacteria anokonzera bovine tibhii.

bembo yokudzivirira

Inobudirira zvikuru kudzivirira yokuSpain yokudzivirira kushandiswa. Vane zvoutachiona zvinodhaka kuti anopa chitarisiko pfupi-rokuti kuramba yokuSpain wanda.

Zvairatidza kuti kubaya dzakadaro:

• nemakore 60 uye vakuru;
• chirwere bronchopulmonary kana zvemwoyo chirwere;
• pamuviri (2-3 trimesters);
• tsvimbo, makiriniki nezvipatara;
• vanhu anogara zvachose mune namahwindo collectives (majeri, dormitories, misha inotarisira vakwegura, nezvimwewo);
• varwere pamusoro mira kana ambulatory kurapwa vane gemoglabinopatii, masoja kudzvinyirira, chiropa chirwere, itsvo uye metabolic zvirwere.

mhando

Kupatsanura yokuSpain yokudzivirira zvinosanganisira zvinotevera mapoka:

1. Live mushonga;
2. Inactivated mushonga:

• utachiwana yose yokudzivirira. Vanosanganisira Undefeated zvikuru Yakanatswa inactivated virions;
• rascheplennye (paradzanisa yokudzivirira). Somuenzaniso: "Fluarix", "Begrivak", "VAXIGRIP". Kwakavakirwa kwakakanganiswa yokuSpain virions (mapuroteni dzose utachiona);

• subunit mushonga ( "Agrippal" "Grippol" "influvac") akaumbwa vaviri nemavhairasi pamusoro mapuroteni, haemagglutinin uye neuraminidase nechokwadi induction ane masoja kupindurwa yokuSpain. Zvimwe mapuroteni of virion, uye chicks mudumbu hatisi kubva kupera munguva acheneswe.