"Black Death" - a Ages chirwere. denda Bubonic. Hosha pakati XIV remakore: zvikonzero nemigumisiro

"Black Death" - chirwere, riri parizvino ngano. Kutaura zvazviri, vanonzi kupararira denda yakarova Europe, Asia, North Africa uye kunyange Groenlândia muzana remakore rechi14. Zvokurwara rinobva advantageously muchimiro bubonic. Miganhu pfungwa chirwere rava Murenje Gobi. Apo nzvimbo ino, anozivikanwa nevakawanda iri. Gobi ndohwavo Eurasia. Black gungwa nayo yakatanga ipapo nokuda zvakazoitika Little Ice Age, izvo zvakapa kuti riwedzere kuti unopinza uye ngozi mamiriro ekunze.

denda Bubonic kwakauraya upenyu vanhu mamiriyoni 60. Panguva iyoyowo, mune dzimwe nzvimbo vanhu nhamba yevanofa yakasvika zviviri muzvitatu zvevagari vemo. Nokuda unpredictability kwechirwere chacho, uyewo kutadza panguva iyoyo kurapa, dzechitendero vakatanga kupararira pakati pavanhu. Zvakava zvakajairika kutenda musimba guru. Panguva iyoyo takatanga kutambudzwa vanonzi "poisoners", "muroyi", "varoyi" uyo, maererano zvechitendero, pakupedzisira denda pamusoro pavanhu.

Iyi akaburuka munhau senguva kushivirira vanhu, uyo pakarepo kutya, ruvengo, kusavimba uye vakawanda mashura. Kutaura zvazviri, yatanga dambudziko bubonic Chokwadi, pane tsananguro nesayenzi.

Ngano pamusoro pemavambo bubonic denda

Apo kare kutsvaga kupinda ari hosha iri Europe, vakagara pamusoro maonero kuti paiva hosha Tatarstan. More chaizvo kuti vakauya Tatars.

Muna 1348, ivo Crimean Tatars inotungamirwa Khan Janybekov munguva deposition ari Genoese nhare Kafa (Feodosia) vakakanda shure mitumbi vanhu kare vakafa nedenda. Mushure rusununguko, ivo vokuEurope vakatanga kusiya guta, kuparadzira chirwere muEurope.

Asi vanonzi "denda Tatarstan" chinhu kupfuura yokufungidzira vanhu vasingazivi sei kutsanangura kamwe uye zvinouraya yaizotangira "rufu dema."

Fungidziro akakundikana nokuti zvakazivikanwa kuti dambudziko harisi ichiparadzirwa pakati vanhu. Ingave utachiona nemakonzo zviduku kana nezvipembenene.

Izvi "mukuru" Pfungwa chakavapo kwenguva refu nguva uye rine vakawanda zvakavanzika. Kutaura zvazviri, denda pakati remakore rechi14, sezvo zvikazooneka Papera, vakatanga nezvikonzero zvinoverengeka.

Natural zvinokonzera dambudziko

Kunze chimbichimbi mamiriro shanduko Eurasia, yatanga denda bubonic yakanga pakurukurwa kwezvakatipoteredza zvinhu zvinoverengeka. Pakati pavo:

• nzara pose China, rakanga ichiteverwa vakawanda nenzara;
• muna Henan rakakura kupindirwa remhashu ;
• muna Beijing kwenguva refu dzaitongwa mvura uye madutu nguva.

Kufanana "Dambudziko kubva Justinian," sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi yokutanga "rufu dema" mumwe dambudziko racho Akabata vanhu pashure vakawanda njodzi. Iye kunyange akaenda sezvinongoitawo nowakautangira.

Ungaderedza kutapata vanhu kushatiriswa kwezvakatipoteredza zvinhu kwaita kuti vakawanda chirwere. Njodzi yasvika zvikuru zvokuti vakuru vekereke vaifanira kuzarura nzvimbo murwere vakawanda.

Hosha Middle Ages vaivawo socio-zvoupfumi background.

zvikonzero Socio-zvoupfumi bubonic denda

Natural zvinhu aigona kumutsa kwakakomba yatanga denda iri yavo yakadaro. Vakanga kutsigirwa zvakadaro prerequisites socio-zvoupfumi:

• akavhiyiwa zvechiuto muFrance, Spain, Italy;
• pakudzorwa of Mongol-wechiTatar joko pamusoro chikamu Eastern Europe;
• dzinowedzerwa tengeserana;
• kukurumidza kukura urombo;
• kukwirira kwevanhu arambe achirema.

Chimwe chinokosha kuti wakatsamwisa nechisimba denda, zvaidavirwa, izvo zvinoreva kuti utano vanhu kutenda kunofanira kushambidzwa sezvo Kazhinji sezvinobvira. Maererano vatsvene nguva, kufungisisa kupfeka muviri wake munhu anopinda mumuedzo. Mamwe machechi saka zvakazadza nevateveri pfungwa iyi, iyo isingataurwi mumvura, kwete hwangu hwose akura upenyu.

Europe muzana remakore rechi14 haana vaitirei simba yakachena. Vagari haateverani kurasira marara. Waste dumped zvakananga kubva mahwindo, dishwater uye zviri mukamuri hari wakadururwa mumugwagwa, pane ari dzichingochururuka ropa zvipfuwo. Zvose Papera vakawira murwizi umo vanhu kutora mvura dzokubikisa uye kunyange kunwa.

Kufanana "Dambudziko kubva Justinian," "Black Death" akanga kukonzerwa vakawanda nemakonzo kuti kurarama pedyo nevanhu. In mabhuku nguva unogona kuwana vakanyoresa zhinji vakazvipira zvokuita kana ikaruma mhuka. Sezvaunoziva, makonzo uye marmots - vatakuri chirwere, saka vanhu vakanga varohwa nehana, kunyange mumwe adzo. Mukuedza kukunda zhinji nemakonzo vazvikanganwa zvose, kusanganisira mhuri yake.

Matangiro Ayakaita

Pfungwa kwakabva chirwere aiva Gobi gwenga. Apo nzvimbo yaiva pakarepo nyaya isingazivikanwi iri. Zvinofungirwa kuti Tatars vaigara pedyo wakarondedzera anovhima marmots, vari vatakuri denda. Aikosha nyama uye mbava emhuka idzi. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, utachiona yakanga chisingadzivisiki.

nemakonzo zhinji nokuda kwemvura uye mamwe mamiriro rwakashata okunze vakasiya utiziro hwavo uye pedyo kuvanhu, kwavaigona kuwana chikafu zvakawanda.

Hebei Province muna China vakatambura pakutanga. Pane akauraya kanenge 90% vemo. Ichi ndicho chimwe chikonzero kuti chamuita kuti maonero kuti chidzoke wehosha wakatsamwisa Tatars. Ivo zvinozivikanwa Silk Road aigona kutakura chirwere naye.

Zvino denda rakanga asvika India, uye akabva atamira Europe. Zvinoshamisa, mumwe chete anopa iyoyo akataura neizvo chirwere. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vanhu akarova nokuda bubonic chimiro denda.

Munyika asina akabata dambudziko, kuMiddle Ages, izvozvo akasimuka kunyonganiswa chaiyo. Misoro inoti akatuma nhume kuti ruzivo pamusoro chirwere uye kumanikidzwa nyanzvi kugadzira mushonga nayo. The Vagari dzimwe nyika, apo kuramba ari murima, achida kutenda nerunyerekupe kuti nyika madhaka iri mvura chenyoka, mhepo ichivhuvhuta uye moto nokuwa kudenga balls acid.

Modern hunhu bubonic denda

Dambudziko iri Europe yakauraya upenyu vasingaverengeki nokungoti chete vanhu vasina mukana kudzidza chirwere. Pane zvakawanda ngano akazviratidza nokuda mukusaziva uye mwoyo. Kutaura zvazviri, chete causative nomumiririri bubonic denda - munhu utachiona, ndicho mutakuri nhata, kazhinji parasitic pamusoro makonzo vatema.

Low tembiricha refu kuwana mutumbi hondo yacho, thawing havagoni kuparadza causative nomumiririri "rufu dema." Asi zvinobudirira pamusoro kukuvara zuva uye kuomesa.

Kutaura zvazviri, utachiona kuti anokonzera denda, parasitic chete nemakonzo. Zvisinei, pasina munhu zvinogona hondo, vanogona kuenda vanhu. KuMiddle Ages, Magariro zvakanga zvisingatsungiririki zvokuti vakawanda rodent anofa. On mhuka asara inda vakarwisa chirwirangwe. Nemakonzo, akavapindurawo, simba chirwere, kutsvaka pokugara, apo unogona kuwana chikafu, uye ukavawana vari pedyo vanhu. Sezvo bubonic denda rakapararira pakati yevagari.

Zviratidzo denda muvanhu

denda Bubonic kachitanga kubvira ikaruma ane utachiona nhata. Utachiona kupinda node nodes uye kutanga zvokurarama nazvo zvavo. Pakarepo, murume unokunda chills, izvozvo anowedzera tembiricha muviri, kutemwa inova sokusingatsungiririki, uye chiso zvinhu - vasamuziva pasi maziso kuonekwa mavara matema. Pazuva rechipiri pashure chirwere kunoitika bubo pacharo. Saka akadana zvibereko node raiva pedyo nebundu.

Kana utachiona Inoziva chose panguva nodes, ivo kupinda muropa, zvichiita wakakura zvikuru mwero kudhaka. Pakangotanga chisvetasimba anopinda muropa, ganda uye mucous membranes kuonekwa mavara matema, minyato uye kubuda ropa.

Munhu une hosha denda, vangazivikanwa pakarepo. "Black Death" - chirwere anochinja chiso uye muviri kuzivikanwa. The Maronda akasiyana vanova kuoneka pazuva rechipiri, uye mukuru ezvinhu omurwere haagoni kunzi zvakakwana.

Zviratidzo denda muvanhu Middle Ages, zvinoshamisa, zvichisiyana zviratidzo murwere ano.

The kunotoda Mufananidzo bubonic hosha Middle Ages

"Black Death" - chirwere chiri kucherechedzwa iri chikonzero zvakadaro kuMiddle Ages:

• nefivha, chills;
• sehasha;
• Kuramba kunzwa kutya;
• kurwadziwa zvikuru muchipfuva;
• kupfupika mweya;
• kukosora pamwe reropa zvinoyerera;
• ropa uye tsvina kuva dema;
• mutauro aigona kuonekwa rima patina;
• maronda uye buboes yomuka pamusoro muviri, akapa kure risingafadzi kwakanaka;
• dzisavhiringidza kuti pfungwa.

Zviratidzo izvi inokurukurwa sechiratidzo yenjodzi uye kufa nokukurumidza. Kana munhu akapiwa mutongo, aiziva kuti nguva akabva zvishomanana. Hapana akaedza kubata zviratidzo izvi, vari kuonekwa kuda kwaMwari uye nechechi.

Mabatirwo bubonic hosha Ages

mushonga Medieval akanga kumbonaka. Chiremba vaiuya kuongorora murwere, vainyatsochenjerera hurukuro pamusoro kana akareurura pane chete kurapwa. Izvi nechokuita rechitendero Kuramba vemo. Ruponeso mweya kwainzi zvikuru kupfuura muviri nokupora. Saizvozvowo, kuvhiyiwa iri rinenge kwete kwaiitwa.

denda Kurapwa vaiva sezvinotevera:

• namamota uye kuvarambidza moxibustion simbi inopisa;
• kushandiswa mushonga;
• aida ganda bubonic nezvinokambaira;
• Munotatamura chirwere nokubatsirwa magnets a.

In mushonga uyu Ages achiri asina tariro. Vamwe vanachiremba ipapo vakayambira varwere kuramba kudya zvakanaka uye kumirira muviri kutsungirira dambudziko. Izvi zvinonyanya yakakwana yokuti kurapwa. Zvechokwadi, muna ezvinhu panguva nokupora nyaya dzaiva nguva dziri kure, asi zvisinei vakatora nzvimbo.

Nokuti pakurapa chirwere vakatorwa vanachiremba mediocre chete kana vechidiki vanoda kuwana mukurumbira pedyo longshot. Ivo akapfeka masiki kuti sechigaro reshiri musoro raidudzwa muromo. Zvisinei, kudzivirirwa kwakadaro anoponeswa kure zvose, vanachiremba vakawanda vakafa mushure varwere vavo.

Zviremera Masimba zano vanhu kuomerera nzira dzakadaro kurwisa dambudziko:

• Kutizira kure kwazvo. Muchiitiko chino, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti akunde makiromita sezvo vakawanda kwazvo kutsanya. Garai kure yakachengeteka kubva chirwere aifanira kwenguva yakareba sezvingabvira.
• Kuburikidza nzvimbo chirwere kutyaira mapoka mabhiza. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti mweya izvi mhuka inochenesa mhepo. Tiine chinangwa chete vaiudzwa kuti misha yakasiyana nezvipembenene. Mukamuri apo vachangobva vakafa nedenda murume, ndakaisa cakes on the romukaka, nekuti zvaifungwa kuti absorbs hosha. Uyewo yave yakakurumbira nzira dzakadai maberekero imba dandemutande uye vakawanda moto uchipfuta pedyo yokugara.
• Ita chero zvinotora kuuraya munhuhwi pachifo. Zvaidavirwa kuti kana munhu asingadi kunzwa kunhuwa zvinobva vanayo vanhu, zviri zvikuru kudzivirirwa. Ndokusaka vakawanda vakanga vakatakura akasungwa namaruva.

Uyewo, chiremba zano haana kurara pashure mambakwedza, kwete kuita zvepabonde uye kwete kufunga denda uye rufu. Nhasi, izvi zvinoita anopenga, asi kuMiddle Ages, vanhu vakawana kunyaradzwa mariri.

Chokwadi, chinhu chinokosha muupenyu denda, aiva chitendero.

Chitendero panguva kupararira bubonic denda

"Black Death" - chirwere Anovhundutsira vanhu varo nechokwadi. Naizvozvo, kuzorwa ichi kumashure kwaiva siyana zvitendero:

• Dambudziko - chirango zvavo vanhu zvivi, kusateerera, maitiro akaipa kune pedyo vanhu, chido nemuedzo.
• Denda akauya somugumisiro hanya nokutenda.
• Denda akatanga nokuti kuti mufashoni shangu izvo zvakagumbura Mwari zvikuru zvakajeka nezvigunwe,.

Vapristi, ivo vaisungirwa kunzwa nokureurura kufa vanhu vanowanzotorwa utachiona uye akafa. Saka kazhinji guta yakaramba isina vafundisi nekuti vaitya kuti upenyu hwavo.

Muchirwisa colour kuti anopenya ezvinhu akazviratidza akasiyana mapoka kana tumapoka, rimwe nerimwe kwavowo akatsanangura chikonzero nechirwere. Uyezve, mashura siyana zvaiva zvakajairika pakati vakawanda, vaionekwa wechokwadi.

Mashura panguva kupararira bubonic denda

In zvose, kunyange chiitiko vasingakoshi, panguva denda vanhu vakaona chairwo zviratidzo zvichaguma. Vamwe kutenda mashura zvikuru zvinoshamisa:

• Kana mukadzi akashama zvakazara angarima nyika vakakomba imba, uye navamwe mhuri panguva ino ichava mukamuri, siya tende pedyo nenzvimbo.
• Kana kuita effigy, inomiririra denda, uye ngaahwuise shure pasi chirwere.
• Kuti hosha haina akarwiswa, zvinokosha kutakura sirivha kana nemekiyuri.

ngano kuisa yematemu kunhivi mufananidzo denda. Vakanga aitenda vanhu. Vakatya kuzarura musuo weimba yake kamwe zvakare, kuti arege kutendera mumweya wehosha. Kunyange chizvarwa vanhu dzaipopotedzana, vakatsvaka mumwe kuzviponesa uye chete pachake.

Mamiriro ari muvanhu

Wakamanikidzwa uye vakatya vanhu pakupedzisira vakasvika pakugumisa kuti denda yakapararira unonzi Rogue achida rufu akazara nevanhu. Yakatanga kumhanyisana yevaifungidzirwa. Ivo nechisimba vakaiswa kuchipatara. Vanhu Vakawanda vakapomerwa, akazviuraya. chifo kuzviuraya yakarova Europe. Dambudziko yasvika zvikuru zvokuti zviremera pangozi vaya vakazviuraya kuisa miviri yavo pachena kuratidzwa.

Sezvo vanhu vakawanda vaiva nechokwadi kuti vanorarama vashoma kwazvo, vakanga vatanga mune zvose zvakakomba: muropa nedoro, vachitsvaka mafaro chete vakadzi nyore kunaka. nzira iyi youpenyu mberi kusimbisa chekorera.

Dambudziko yasvika zvikuru zvokuti zvitunha vakatorwa usiku, vachidonhedzera navo chaiyo Makomba uye kuvigwa.

Dzimwe nguva zvinoitika kuti varwere zvakananga denda akazviratidza munharaunda, achiedza kukanganisa vakawanda vavengi zvinobvira. Zvakanga zvakafanira kuti zvaionekwa sezvinoita denda achizviparadzanisa, kana mayambuka kuti mumwe munhu.

Mumhepo nguva munhu chero pasi kumira kubva pachaunga, aigona kunzi sezvo poisoner.

Migumisiro "Black Death"

"Black Death" kwakaita kuti nemigumisiro yakakura munyaya zvose zvoupenyu. Anokosha vavo:

• Sezvineiwo achinja nhamba mapoka ropa.
• Kusagadzikana mune zvematongerwo enyika zvoupenyu hwavo.
• Misha yakawanda vakanga dongo.
• Yakanga kutanga feudal ukama. Vanhu Vakawanda aishanda okudhindira vana vavo, dzakamanikidzwa kutora basa vatenzi kubva kurutivi.
• Sezvo basa iri nzvimbo inoshandiswa waishaiwa munhurume vechibharo, basa iri vakatanga kuva vakadzi.
• Medicine rwakamuita kuti itsva Danho okukura. Takatanga kudzidza marudzi ose zvirwere uye wekuvamba mushonga wavo.
• Varanda uye ezasi strata vokuparidzira nokuda kwokushaya vanhu vakatanga kunomhangara vachizvichengetera nani. vanhu vazhinji vakanga sagona venhaka hama vakapfuma dzakafa.
• kuedza zvakagadziridzwa pamamwe kugadzirwa.
• Kwangoderera, dzimba mitengo uye rendi.
• The skyrocketing kukura hana chavagari haadi tinongoita kuteerera hurumende. Izvi zvakaguma nemhirizhonga siyana uye kumukira.
• Sezvineiwo vakashaisa zvechechi pamusoro vanhu. Vanhu vakaona Kusabatsira avapristi mukurwisa dambudziko kurega kuvimba navo. Zvakare akapinda kushandiswa mune tsika nezvitendero, kare yakarambidzwa nekereke. The zera "varoyi" uye "masvikiro". Number Vapristi ungaderedza yekudyidzana. Nokuti nzvimbo dzakadaro kazhinji akatora vasina kudzidza uye kukodzera zera vanhu. Vanhu vakawanda havanzwisisi, ndokusaka rufu anotora kwete chete vaishungurudza, asi wakanaka, vanhu vakanaka. Panyaya iyi, Europe kusava nesimba raMwari.
• Mushure yakakura kudaro-pamwero Denda denda pakupedzisira akasiya vanhu. Nguva nenguva mumaguta akasiyana pamusoro denda payakatanga, akatora nawo upenyu hwevanhu.

Nhasi, vaongorori vakawanda chokwadi kuti dambudziko wechipiri akataura ari muchimiro bubonic dambudziko.

Maonero pamusoro rechipiri Denda

Pane kusava nechokwadi kuti "rufu dema" - kwakafanana nguva kubudirira dambudziko bubonic. Pane tsanangudzo:

• Varwere denda kashoma vakacherechedzawo zviratidzo zvakadai nefivha uye kwazvo huro. Zvisinei, nyanzvi ano vataura kuti uwandu zvikanganiso zviri Nhoroondo yacho nguva. Uyezve, mamwe mabasa ounyanzvi uye vachipesana kwete chete kune nyaya dzevamwe, asi tiri.
• Wechitatu Denda aigona kurwisa 3 chete% yevanhu, nepo "rufu dema" akaparadza kupfuura chetatu Europe. Asi ichi, zvakare, pane kutsanangura. Munguva chechipiri Denda paiva zvinotyisa kushayikwa zvoutsanana, achizivisa zvinetso zvakawanda kupfuura chirwere.
• Buboes kunobva maronda evanhu vakanga iri muhapwa uye pamutsipa. zvingava nomusoro kana vakanga kwakaitika netsoka dzake, sezvo ndipo nyore nzira kuti inda. Zvisinei, chokwadi ichi hachisi vakakwana. Zvakaratidza kuti pamwe negonzo nhata Plaguebringer ndiye Pediculus humanus. Uye pane zvipembenene kuMiddle Ages vazhinji.
• Kazhinji pashure vakawanda kufa kuti dambudziko makonzo. Fani iyi haina kuchengetwa kuMiddle Ages. Izvi zvinogonawo kudenha, vakapiwa kuvapo inda kwevanhu.
• Bloch, uyo ari mutakuri chirwere, akaisvonaka kunzwa zviri inodziya uye nyorovera okunze. Pandemic richiwedzera uye coldest dzechando.
• Mwero kuparadzirwa denda yave nhoroondo.

Somugumisiro kuferefeta kwayo Vakawana kuti genome wehosha ano yoga anonyatsovhura fanana Ages chirwere, izvo zvinoratidza kuti yaiva bubonic chimiro zvokurwara uye akava "rufu dema" nokuti vanhu iyoyo. Saka, chero mamwe maonero rwoga vakatamira muboka zvakaipa. Asi uwane kudzidza kuchiri kuenderera.