Athena Parthenos: tsanangudzo, nhoroondo uye zvinofadza

Nhaka yevanhu yakachengetedza zvisikwa zvakanakisisa zveunyanzvi. Zvakawanda zvekugadzirwa kwemazano, mapikicha, mabasa emabhuku nemimhanzi zvichiri kufadza vanhu vemazuva ano. Inogona kuonekwa pamakaratidziro, mumamyuziyamu, kuunganidzwa kwevamwe. Zvimwe zvepfuma dzorudzi rwacho zvichiri pasi pevhu kana kuvigwa mumadzimambo edzimba nemasvingo.

Asi zvinoshanduka kuti nyaya idzi dzinozivikanwa mabasa iwe hauzombooni. Kazhinji kazhinji vanhu vanodzidza pamusoro pavo kubva kune mamwe mabasa. Somuenzaniso, Athena Parthenos yakazozivikanwa chete kuburikidza nemakopi uye tsanangudzo. Parizvino hapana chinyorwa chechokwadi. Asi kunaka kwetsanangudzo ichiri kuchengetedza basa iri raPhidhias mukuyeuka vanhu vemazuva ano.

Mukuremekedza ani?

Hazvisi zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti ndiani Fidia aifunga mupfungwa. Athena Parthenos ndiyo inofanirwa nemwarikadzi wekare wechiGiriki, uyo panguva imwechete ainzi mukurumbira uye uchenjeri hwake. Athena aiva mwarikadzi wekare weGreece. Aive mumwe wevatenzi vakuru veOlympus. Mukuwedzera kune kunzi mwarikadzi wehondo, Athena inofungidzirwa kuti inobatanidzwa mune ruzivo, unyanzvi, mhizha, inonziwo unhu hwemaguta nematunhu.

Akaita sei?

Tisati tawana kuti chifananidzo chacho chaiva chei, Athena Parthenos inofanira kuonekwa pamberi pedu muchokwadi. Zvichida, inoramba iripo kune vazhinji vanonyanya kuratidza chimiro cheGreece yekare. Inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo yakashamisa uye isingakanganwiki. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti ani zvake anotsanangura Athena, anogara ane zvido zvemunhu: zvombo, zvombo nenhovo. Uyewo, pedyo nemwarikadzi, iwe unogona kugara uchiona mhuka tsvene.

Kazhinji kazhinji Athena ndiye mukadzi akanaka uye ane vhudzi-vhudzi. Homer zvachose aifunga kuti "sovokojka." Zvichida kuenzanisa uku kunokonzerwa nekuti iwe unogona kazhinji kuona shiri, chiratidzo cheuchenjeri. Hazvina mhosva kuti tinoziva sei Athena, kana mumitembo, kana muprose, kana pamusana, varongi vanoedza nguva dzose kuisa maziso ake makuru.

Idzi hukuru hunhu hwePallas huchiripo ngowani yakange ine chisa chakakwirira, uye chigadziko, kana nhoo, yakashongedzwa nemusoro we gorgon Medusa. Uyewo pedyo, kunyanya mumifananidzo, unogona kuona muorivhi, uyo waifungidzirwa somuti mutsvene, chiziva nenyoka - zviratidzo zviviri zveuchenjeri. NeAthena hauna kumboonana kamwechete uye Nika - mwarikadzi wemapapiro.

Munyori

Vanhu vazhinji vakarota nekuchengetedza chifananidzo che Athena Parthenos munhoroondo yevanhu. Mufananidzi Phidias nokusingaperi mupfungwa dzevanhu vakaramba vari muumbi wemwarikadzi mukuru. Musiki akararama muna 400 BC. Akanga ari shamwari yaPericles uye aionekwa somukuru wevanyori vevakuru vakuru.

Munguva yebasa rake pfupi, akasika mabasa akawanda. Unhu hwavo hwepamusoro hwaive nguva dzose Athena. Mukuwedzera pane izvo zvakazoiswa muParthenon, yakanga yakavezwa mwarikadzi paAtenean Acropolis. Wake Phidhiasi akagadzira mukukudza kukunda vaPersia. Yaiva yakakura uye yakashandirwa sechimiro chechigoni chevatasvi vemabhiza.

Athena Lemnia haanawo kurarama kusvikira nhasi, asi inozivikanwa pamakopi ayo. Ichi chifananidzo chakasikwa zvakananga kune vagari vomuchitsuwa che Lemnos, saka zita racho. Panewo mamwe mafananidzo maviri anoratidza mwarikadzi wehondo. Imwe yakanga iri Plataea, uye imwe yakanga iri muAkaya.

Phidias ndiyewo munyori weimwe yeVanomwe Zviitiko zveNyika Yekare. Icho chiri pamusoro pekuvezwa kwaZeus muOlympia. Ichi chifananidzo chaiva choga chakanga chiri pamhenderekedzo yeEurope. Yakanga yakagadzirwa nemarombo, uye muhukuru yakapfuura chero temberi yeiyo nguva.

Mufananidzo

Sezvaunoziva, mufananidzo weAthena Parthenos waiva muChenhenon. Iyi temberi yakavakwa semusha wemwarikadzi pakati pe 447 na 432 BC. Chifananidzo chacho chakaitwa nenyanga dzenzou uye ndarama. Yakasikwa kuitira kuti ikudze kubudirira muhondo dzePezhiya.

Pasinei nokuti Athena Parthenos nguva refu yakapera kuvapo, ichiri chiratidzo chisingaoneki cheguta guru. Chinyanyozivikanwa pamusoro pekunyangarika kwechifananidzo. Nhoroondo dzezvechokwadi dzinotitungamirira kuConstantinople, uko, zvichida, chifananidzo chaitakurwa. Yaiva pano iyo inogona kuparadzwa uye kubiwa. Kudzorera kutarisa kwepakutanga kunobvumira makopi, zvinyorwa zvezvifananidzo uye tsanangudzo dzePlutarch naPausanias.

Zvose zvinodhura

Zvino zvakaoma kunzwisisa kana Athena akatumidzwa zita retembere yeChenhenon, kana kuti zvose zvaive zvakasiyana. Iye zvino tinogona kutaura kuti Parthenos zvinoreva "mhandara", uye Parthenon zvinoreva "imba yemhandara."

Temberi pachayo yakanga isiri iyo inoshamisa. Asi chifananidzo cheAthena Parthenos ichiri kuonekwa sechinhu chikuru chekushongedza kwechivakwa. Nhema uye nhoroondo dzinotaura kuti temberi yakanga yavakwa pakutanga kuitira kuti chifananidzo ichi chikwanisike ipapo. Zvichida, apo Partyhenon yakavakwa, yakanga yave ichinzwisisa kuti Phidias yaiisa ipapo chimwe chinhu chakafanana nemifananidzo yeAthena Promachos.

Zvinyorwa zvakajeka zvakanyanya zvechifananidzo zvakapiwa naPliny. Akataura kuti zvisikwa zvaive anenge mamita gumi nemaviri kumusoro (26 mamita). Nokuti iyo yakagadzirwa yakatorwa nenyanga dzenzou negoridhe. Phidiasi wokutanga akashandisa kuumba chikamu chemuviri wemwarikadzi, uye zvimwe zvacho zvakaitwa nendarama.

Paivawo nekutaura pamusoro pekuti ndarama inogona kubviswa nyore nyore kana zvikwereti zvinetso. Nokuti zvimwe zvishongo zvacho zvakashandiswa mumhangura, girazi, sirivha nematombo anokosha. Somugumisiro, Phidias akagadzira mufananidzo, iyo mari iyo dzimwe nguva yaipfuura mutengo weimba yose yeChenhenon.

Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti chifananidzo chacho chaiva nechepamusoro-soro uye yakakwirira mamita 4-8. Yakanga iri pedyo nemusuwo wekumabvazuva uye yakanga yakakomberedzwa nematombo. Pamberi pezvigadzirwa pakanga pane gungwa guru remvura, iro ramazuva ano rinogona kunzi dziva rekushambira. Izvi zvakaitwa kuitira kuti zvichengetedze nguva dzose, uye nyanga dzenzou dzakachengetedzwa pasi pemamiriro aya.

Decoration

Vakakurumbira uye vakashinga muPhidia vakazova Athena Parthenos. Tsanangudzo yemashoko acho inoita kuti ijekeswe kuti yakasiyana sei nekugadzirwa kwezvifananidzo. Nemakopi zvakajeka kuti mune rumwe rutivi mwarikadzi akachengetedza chifananidzo chaNicky, icho, nenzira, chaive nemamita maviri emamita, asi nechekukwirira kwehukuru hwechinhu chikuru chakanga chakaita zvishoma chaizvo. Kune rumwe rutivi, Athena akabata nhoo.

Ndiye iye anokakavadzana nenguva iyoyo. Akanga achiwanzoedza kuenzanisa nevakasika venyika yose. Pliny akataura kuti pamusoro pehovo Phidias akaratidza hondo yeThezey neAmazons. Uyewo pano unogona kuwana hondo yei giants nevanamwari. Paivawo nemufananidzo weGorgon weMedusa. Zvichida, uye mamwe mavara anofadza.

Yakakanganisika yaiva ngowani yeAthena Parthenos. Akanga aine pachake sphinx mukati uye maviri griffins ane mapapiro ePegasus. Iyo inozivikanwa zvakare kuti kwaiva nenyoka mumakumbo ekadzikadzikadzi. Vamwe vanopikisa kuti reptile yakaiswa naPhidias uye pachifuva chebatsiri. Iyi nyoka yakapiwa kuna mwarikadzi Zeus. Shoes rakarongedzwa kentavromahii.

Invisible details

Ichokwadi, chii chisingaonekwi chinyorwa chezvifananidzo chinogona kutaurirwa pamusoro pekubva kune dzimwe nguva hakuna munhu akaona zvakavezwa? Athena Parthenos is full of mysteries and mysteries. Icho chiri chirevo chekuti nhovo yemwarikadzi Phidias akaisa mufananidzo wake uye mufananidzo weshamwari yake Pericles. Zvichida, akafukidzira zvose pasi peDhaedalus neThezey.

Uyewo, vanhu vazhinji vanogara panguva iyo vanodavira kuti Fidia aifarira vakomana. Mudiwa wake aive jaya rePatari rakazova mukundi mukurwa muOlympics. Murume wechidiki akanga akadikanwa kudai muvezi kuti kunyorwa kwekuti "Lovely Pantarque" yakavezwa pane imwe yemifananidzo. Zvichida, yaiva pamunwe weAthena Parthenos kuti kuonekwa uku kwakashongedzwa. Kunyangwe pasina ruzivo rwechokwadi kune izvi. Zvichida zvakanyorwa zvakanga zviri pamufananidzo waZeus, kana pane zvakavezwa zveAphrodite yeUriania.

Vakatambudzwa

Sezvatotaurwa, Phidhiasi akaita zvakawanda kuti Athena akwane zvakakwana muParthenon. Kana chifananidzo chetsitsi yaZeus chakanga chichirwisana nedenga uye zvakaita sekuti kana Mutinhimira achimuka, aizodarika nepakati peimba yacho, ipapo mwarikadzi akatarisana zvakajeka munzvimbo yekugadzira.

Ichokwadi ndechekuti Fidia anowanzokurukura naIktin, muvaki, kuitira kuti aende zvishoma kubva purogiramu yepakutanga uye, kazhinji, chimiro chetemberi yeDorian. Muvezi aida nzvimbo yakawanda mukati. Somugumisiro, hationi zvidzidzo zvitanhatu zvekare, asi masere. Mukuwedzera, hazvisi chete pamativi echifananidzo, asi shure kwayo. Athena yakanga yakafanana neyo yakanyorwa mune imwe yemaumbirwo.

Nguva

Zvakazoitika kuti zvakaoma kuziva gangwana remangwana rekusika. Uyewo hazvizivikanwi apo kusikwa kwaPhidias Athena Parthenos kwakafa. Nhoroondo yake inotangira ka 447 BC. E., apo muvezi akagamuchira urongwa ndokutanga kushanda. Mumakore gumi nemana chifananidzo chakaiswa mu temberi.

Mumakore mashoma, hondo yekutanga inoitika. Phidhiasi anotsiva vavengi nevanhu vane godo, mushure mezvo iye anofanira kuzviruramisa muzita rokuchenesa hana yake. Kwemakore anopfuura zana, hapana chakazivikanwa pamusoro pekuguma kwechifananidzo. Asi muna 296 BC. E. Mutungamiriri mumwe akabvisa goridhe kubva mufananidzo kuitira kuti abhadhara chikwereti chake. Zvadaro ndaifanira kutora nzvimbo yesimbi nemhangura.

Kunyangwe zvinopfuura zana remakore gare gare, Athena Parthenos akatambura nemoto. Asi ivo vakakwanisa kuidzorera. Mashoko anotevera anowanikwa muzana remakore rechi5 AD. Zvinonzwisisika kuti imwe moto mumutemberi zvakare inotambudza zvisikwa. Muzana remakore rechi10 AD E. Iyo yakanakisisa yaiva muConstantinople. Zvakazoitika zvinotevera hazvizivikanwi.

Rock of fate

Isu takatotaura muchidimbu nezvekukakavadzana kwakagadzirisa Phidias. Yaiva Athena Parthenos uyo akazova kwaari kubata kwekufa. Musiki waiva shamwari yakanaka uye mupi wePericles. Akamubatsira nekuvakwa kweAcropolis. Akange ariwo, zvakare, tarenda. Nokudaro, vavengi uye vanhu vane godo vaisagona kudarika.

Akatanga kuvasangana navo apo aipomerwa nekuba goridhe kubva panguvo yemwarikadzikadzi. Phidia haana chaakavanda. Yakarayirwa kuti ibvise goridhe kubva pachigadziko uye ichiyera. Hapana zvikanganiso zvakawanikwa.

Asi zvinotevera zvakapera zvinogumbuka. Vavengi vave vachitsvaga kwenguva yakareba, sei vachifanira kutakura. Mucheka wokupedzisira waiva kupomerwa kwekutuka huMwari. Vazhinji vaiziva kuti Phidhiasi akaedza kuzviratidza iye naPericles pahovo yeAthena Parthenos. Muvezi akaiswa mujeri. Yaiva pano iyo rufu rwake rwakauya. Chinhu choga chevanyori vezvakaitika kare uye chakaramba chiri chakavanzika: akafa nekurwadziwa kana chepfu.

Kubwinya

Pakati pemabasa ose aPhidia, anonyanyozivikanwa ndiAthena Parthenos. Tsanangudzo uye nhoroondo yaro zvakanyatsojeka zvokuti tinoziva pamusoro pezvisikwa izvi mushure mezviuru zvemakore. Kubwinya kwezvifananidzo zvakatsvaira mumakore. Pamusoro pake haana kunyora panguva imwechete Fidia, pamwe nevanyori vekupedzisira. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti kunyange Socrates yakataurira Athena mukududzira pfungwa yekunaka.

Hukuru hwebasa hunoratidzwawo nehuwandu hwemakopi akave achiripo kusvikira nhasi. Yakanyanya kunyatsojeka uye yakajeka inoramba yakagadzirwa "Athena Varvakion". Ari mu National Museum yeAtene. Ikopi yechipiri iyo yakafanana yakaiswa pakarepo pasi pezita rokuti "Athena Lenormann".

Gorgon Medusa, iyo yakaiswa pahovo, zvakare yakakumbwa kanopfuura kamwe. Inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndiyo kopi yemusoro weMedusa Rondanini. Iye zvino mufananidzo uyu uri muMunich, muGlyptoteka.

Kupfuura kamwechete vaongorori vakaedza kutevedzera chishango chepakutanga. Chimwe chazvo chakachengetwa muBritish Museum uye chinonzi Strangford Shield. Ndizvo zvakaitawo mu Louvre.

Imba yeAthena

Icho hachisi chinhu chakasara kubva kuCarthenon. Kunyange zvazvo temberi inochengetedza mazana emakore ekare, iyo, iyo yakavezwa, yakazara nezvishamiso uye kupesana. Vanochera matongo echiGiriki nevavaki vakaedza kudzokororazve tsika yekare yezvakaparadzwa. Asi hukuru hwose uye runako, hongu, hazvigone kuendeswa. Kunyange zvakadaro, manzwiro ekuti mazana emakore akapfuura zviitiko zvezvakaitika zvakaitika pano nekucheka uye kufadza. Nhoroondo yemitungamiri gore negore inokwezva vatashanyi vazhinji vanobvumirwa kupinda mukati memhepo yekare militancy.