Multiple allelicism inzvimbo chaiyo yemagene

Hazvibviri kufungidzira mushonga wemazuva ano pasina nzira yakadaro yekurapa, sekuwedzerwa ropa. Pakutanga kwekushandiswa kweiyo nzira, vanachiremba vakangoputira mvura kubva kune mumwe murwere kuenda kune imwe, vasingafungi nezvemigumisiro. Mukuona kwekucherechedza kwechiitiko chevarwere kwakaita kuti zvive nyore kugumisa kuti kwete ropa rose rakakodzera kuwedzerwa ropa. Ichi chaiva chiziviso chekuwanikwa kwemaqembu eropa.

Tsanangudzo

Multiple allelism ndehupo hwehuwandu hwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzegene rimwe. Inoshanda senzira yekusarudzwa kwechisikigo, kureva, inodzivisa kufungidzira kwemashure ezvirwere zvezvipenyu izvo zvisingagoni kuva nevana vanogona.

Izvi zvinotsanangura kubwinya kwemimwe michina nemhuka, pamwe chete nekusakwanisa kwekuonekwa kwe "vana" mumhuka dzemarudzi akasiyana-siyana. Zviratidzo zvakasiyana siyana zvinonziwo "multiple allelicism". Mienzaniso yechirwere ichi: ruvara rwakasiyana rwemaziso uye ruvara rwemavara, maitiro emakanzwa kana mhino. Asi chinhu chimwe chete ichocho chinokanganisawo rudzi rweropa iro munhu achave naro.

Multilic allelicism ine dzimwe nguva nguva dzose:

- chero geni rinogona kuva ne alleles maviri;

- zvakasiyana-siyana zvejeni zvinogona kubuda nekuda kwekutsinhanisa kana kutendeuka kwekuchinja kweimwe imwe nguva, uye nekuda kwekuchinja kune gweta re "wild";

- mune mhuka ine diploid sete ye chromosomes , zvese zvakasiyana zvakasiyana zvinogona kuva panguva imwe chete;

- alleles ari muukama hukuru-hukuru pakati pavo;

- nhaka ye alleles inoteerera mitemo yaGregor Mendel.

Nhaka yezvikamu zveropa

Multilic allelicism imwe yezviratidzo zvekusiyana kwezvisikwa zvezvipenyu zvisikwa zvipenyu. Imwe yemuenzaniso wekusiyana kwakadaro ndiyo nhaka yeboka reropa muAABO system.

Iyi sangano ine zvimwe zvikamu:

- kune zvese zvitatu zvejena I-A, B uye 0;

- iyi geni iri muchitanhatu che chromosome;

- alleles A uye B vanotonga kupfuura 0, asi ivo vakaenzana;

- maererano nemitemo yaMendel, maitiro makuru ezviratidzo anozviratidza ivo pachavo ne-homo-heterozygous mutezo, uye zvinokonzerwa chete neye homozygous nokuda kwechinhu ichi.

Kusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana kwe alleles kunopa masangano mana eropa: 0, A, B, uye AB. Izvo zvakasiyana pakati pavo maantigen (agglutinogens), anomiririrwa pamusoro pemasero matsvuku eropa. Panguva imwecheteyo, agglutinins inoramba ichifamba mumvura inenge iri ropa. Izvi ndezvipi zvakasimba zvinorwisa zvirwere zvisingawirirani ne agglutinogens.

Izvo zvinoshamisa zveongororo dzakawanda zvinopa zvakasiyana-siyana zve phenotypic zviratidzo zvehutano hwakapiwa kuvanhu. Ropa remuenzaniso muenzaniso wakanaka wezvakanaka zvekuita, sezvo zvisingashanduki pasi pesimba rezvimwe zvinhu muupenyu hwose.

Antigenic systems

Multiple alleles zvinoshanduka kuchinja kwemajeni izvo zvinopfuurira munharaunda. Imwe yeprotein inokanganiswa nekushandurudza ndiyo Rh factor. Iyi proteine inotora nhaka yakawanda. Nokuwedzerwa ropa kana pamuviri, rhesus kusagadzikana kunogona kuitika. Muchiitiko ichi, ropa rinotanga kuvhara uye kuwedzera DIC syndrome.

Ropa raamai uye fetus rinopfuurira muvillus yechirion uye haisanganisi. Kana panguva yekudzivirira kwekutanga amai veR Rh-positive vanoita mwana weR Rh-positive, panguva yekuberekwa, ma erythrocytes ayo anoratidza maantigen anogona kupinda muchikadzi chemavascular system uye zvinokonzera kugadzirisa kwekuita kwechirwere chinonoka. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, zvirwere zvinoputika zvinowedzera mumuviri, asi hazvizozviratidzi ivo pachavo vasati vaita pamuviri. Kana mwana wechipiri ariwo Rh positive, kuchava nekupesana pakati pezvirwere uye maantigen. Izvi zvinogona kutungamirira pakufa kwemucheche.

Kubatana kwemajini

Multiple allelism ndiyo kuratidzwa kwejena rimwe mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvepanyama. Izvo hazvisi chete agglutinogens A, B uye 0. Masayendisiti anosiyanisa kupfuura mazana maviri agglutinogens, akabatanidzwa mumapoka makumi maviri. Izvi zvinokonzera kupararira kwemapoka eropa mumunhu mumwe nomumwe pasi pano.

Kusiyana pakati pemapoka aya neAABO system ndeyokuti hapasina agglutinins mu plasma. Iyo inonyanya kukosha ndeye agglutinogens Rh, MN, S, P, A, Levis, Duppi, Kell, Kidd nevamwe. Muropa, kusanganiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kweantigens aya inogoneka.

Nenzira yakanaka, nekuwedzerwa ropa rimwe chete, hazvina musoro kuti tifunge zvose izvi mapuroteni mamolekemu, sezvo izvo zvisingagoni kukonzera zvakakosha zvekare zvinokonzerwa nemagetsi. Zvisinei, nekuwedzerwa ropa nguva dzose, hazvikurudzirwi kushandisa ropa remupiro mumwe chete.

Antigens eboka reAIDS

Sezvatinoziva kare, mubhuku revanhu rejenotype kune nguva dzose chiitiko chakadai sekushambadzira kwose. Mapoka eropa anomiririrwa nemaantigens A uye B, kuonekwa kwacho kunokonzerwa nokuvapo kwegene I. Iine mapuroteni nemahydrohydrates. Izvo zvakanyanya zvean antigen imwe neimwe inotsanangurwa neiyo yekupedzisira fragment yemakethodhydrate chain.

Nokuda kwekuumbwa kweantigens A uye B, inonzi H-inoda inokosha, nokuti kuvapo kwayo kunofanana neH. Iyi sarudzo haisi antigen, sezvo vanhu vose vane maruva eerythrocyte. Vanhu vane boka rokutanga reropa vane H-substance chete, asi hapana ma antigen A uye B.