Mukuru Painters Russian

Sezvo nguva Rubhabhatidzo Russia, yakauya pamugumo wenyika X remakore, makadzika dzeChechi yeOrthodox yakatanga unyanzvi yaingowanikwa uye akasiyana, akadana - Russian iconography. Zvakanga iye uyo kweanenge nomwe emakore vakasara chinoumba Russian tsika, uye chete paitonga Peter ndakanga sedzisina rokunyika kupenda.

Icons Mongolian kumwedzi

Zvinozivikanwa kuti pamwe Orthodox Rus yaainge Byzantium uye kubudirira tsika dzayo, akagamuchira panguva Kiev hugota wayo pakuzadzisa. Kana siginicha rokutanga yakavakwa Kiev Desyatinny temberi kwakaitwa Prince Vladimir akakoka mhiri kwemakungwa vanatenzi, zvikuru nokukurumidza Painters Russian akaonekwa Pereyaslavl, Chernigov, Smolensk, uye muguta guru, ainzi Amai mumaguta Russian. Kusiyanisa basa ravo kubva mifananidzo kupendwa nokuda Byzantine vadzidzisi, zvakaoma, nekuti haimuoni kutsigirwa zvizere ndiani chikoro National mune pre-Mongol nguva yakawanda.

Kuti akapukunyuka mabasa mashoma chaizvo vaurayiwa panguva iyi, asi kunyange pakati pavo pane ounyanzvi chaidzo. Inonyanya unoshamisa izvi maviri-nzira Novgorod kuvake "The Holy Face", rakanyorwa tenzi risingazivikanwi pakupera yacho XII remakore, seri icho pachimiro "The achikudza paMuchinjikwa." Kwemazana emakore anopfuura masere, izvozvo anorova Fafitera mukati pamufananidzo kumeso shading. Panguva ino, icon iri kuunganidzwa State Tretyakov Gallery. Photos of Icon ino rinovhura nyaya.

Other, hapana zvishoma inozivikanwa basa pre-Mongol kumwedzi, hwakaratidza panguva State Russian Museum muSt Petersburg - zviri vo Novgorod kuvake, inozivikanwa se "Ngirozi Golden Hair." Chiso chemutumwa, izere usingaoneki mupfungwa uye rakadzika lyricism, inoita Fafitera chitarisiko akadzikama uye zvakajeka. Kugona kutaura manzwiro akadaro Painters Russian yakakwana nhaka kubva kuvadzidzisi vavo Byzantine.

Icon kupenda nguva Mongol-wechiTatar joko

Nechisimba Russia Batu Khan, kutanga nguva wechiTatar-Mongol joko, akanyatsosiyana zvarunzira woupenyu hwose wehurumende. It haana wakapukunyuka nawo uye Russian iconography. Most, akaumba kwokutanga unyanzvi nzvimbo vakabatwa uye yakashatiswa pamberi Horde, uye vaya vakapfuura vakawanda mugumo, ruzivo dzakaoma, vakakoniwa asi kukanganisa zvinonakisa zvinoyevedza pamwero mabasa anobudiswa mavari.

Zvisinei, kunyange iri nguva Painters Russian zvakaoma vakakwanisa kusika kuchikoro kupenda yake, tora nzvimbo akafanira munhoroondo tsika yenyika. Special waigona izvozvo ndipo yechipiri yezana XIV uye XV remakore kushanda zvose. Panguva iyi muRussia Ndaishanda renyeredzi yose hunoshamisa vemifananidzo, yakakurumbira zvikuru mumiriri waiva Andrei Rublev, uyo akaberekwa muMoscow kwavabati kumativi 1360.

Munyori asingafi "Utatu"

Akatora yemamongi mhiko pamwe zita Andrew (zita rake rokunyika vasingazivikanwi) muna 1405, mumwe tenzi muchirongwa mufananidzo pamusoro Annunciation Cathedral of Moscow Kremlin, uye ipapo kubvuma muna Vladimir. Izvi basa guru-kwakaita Andrei Rublev akashanda pamwe nevamwe vakakurumbira Artists maviri - Theophanes echiGiriki uye Daniel Black, kutaura pamusoro dzichakurukurwa pazasi.

Okugadzira zvinhu ichaongororwa pamusoro vanatenzi ari Russian kuvake painting, waiva kukwanisa kusvika mumwe vanatenzi. The pachena uye yakakurumbira basa iri "Utatu" - icon pamusoro Rublev, achichengetwa Tretyakov Gallery muMoscow.

Muchishandisa Old Testament nyaya, iyo yakavakirwa chiitiko inorondedzerwa rechi18 chitsauko Genesis (Kugamuchira waAbhurahamu), kuti muuki pave sezvamunoita, pamwe netsika dzayo dzose, kure kupfuura dzimwe analogues zvose. Kusiya basa, vari maonero ake, rondedzero migove, yakataura kuti Fafitera afunge pamusoro matatu ngirozi nenhamba, uchimirira Triipostasnogo Mwari - zvinooneka inova Mutsvene Utatu.

Image, chinofananidzira rudo naMwari

Rublev kwakaita Icon unoratidza kubatana vatatu zimukadzimu raMwari. Izvi zvinoitwa mukati kuti pangoro ematongerwo mhinduro akaisa denderedzwa kuti vaumbe nhamba ngirozi. kubatana kwakadaro, panguva iyo munhu atora yoga uri integrally kuumbwa, kuti anofananidzira mukuru worudo iyo inonzi Iisus Hristos. Nokudaro, "Utatu" - icon pakati Rublev, akava mhando kutaura dzidziso chiKristu zvose zvomudzimu.

Andrei Rublev akafa musi October 17, 1428, waitirwa nedenda kuti rakamuka muMoscow. Akavigwa pamusoro munharaunda Andronikov wemamonk, apo rufu ndatovhiringidza basa rake mufananidzo yeMuponesi Cathedral. Muna 1988, chisarudzo Local Council echechi yeRussian Orthodox mumongi Andrew (Rublev) rakanga somusande vatsvene.

The chipangamazano of vatenzi makuru

Munhau yeRussia iconography pedyo Andrei Rublev wake panguva Daniel Chorny. Icons, kana pane, Pamifananidzo chinoitwa navo panguva mufananidzo pamusoro kubvuma Cathedral iri Vladimir, saka zvakafanana kwavo mifananidzo zvinhu nyanzvi kazhinji zvakaoma kuumba yakananga Attribution.

Vatsvakurudzi pane zvikonzero kudavira kuti kuita pamwe Rublev varayirwa, Daniel aiva tenzi mukuru uye ruzivo, zvichida kunyange chipangamazano. On hwaro ichi, vatsoropodzi vanowanzotaura titi kwaari mabasa avo umo kupfuura zvakajeka kuonekwa simba aimbova kuchikoro Icon mufananidzo pamusoro XIV remakore. Chinonyanya unoshamisa muenzaniso tuore "pachipfuva Abrahamu", akachengetedzwa kusvikira nhasi nokufungidzira Cathedral of Vladimir. Photo imwe nezvimedu emifananidzo iri Church kunotangira chikamu chino nyaya.

Akafa Daniil Chorny, sezvo Andrei Rublev, somugumisiro hosha muna 1528, uye akavigwa pedyo naye Andronik wemamonk. Both vemifananidzo vakasiya yakawanda vadzidzi kuti wavakanga makasika mifananidzo yokunyora nokudhirowa, vakashumira sezvo yokutevedzera mabasa ramangwana.

Russian painter pamusoro Byzantine mavambo

No muenzaniso zvishoma unoshamisa pamusoro iconography izvi nguva inogona basa Feofana Greka. Akaberekwa muna 1340 muByzantium (paungavaona remadunhu- wake), akadzidza zvakavanzika mifananidzo, kudzidza kubva aiziva vatenzi weConstantinople uye Chalcedon.

MuRussia kare vakaumba rokupenda, uye iye ndokugara Novgorod, Theophane akatanga mutsva danho rake basa pamwe mufananidzo kuti aburukira nguva yedu Chechi chitarisiko. Vakapona mairi, uye muuki seinäkartta kuratidza Kristu Pantocrator, Mateteguru, vaporofita, uyewo dzinoverengeka zvebhaibheri mifananidzo.

ndeake rikava kunoratidzwa yakakwirira maererano, uyewo yapera nziyo, yave kuzivikanwa vakararama, uye vateveri tenzi kukaonekwa. Izvi zvakajeka runoratidzwa murals kereke nokufungidzira uye Fedor Stratelita akaita munguva imwe chete, dzimwe vaimbi, asi wakasara navana pachena zviratidzo pokudzora Byzantine kupenda vanatenzi.

Zvisinei, muna zvawo okugadzira zvinhu Feofana Greka kwakaratidza muMoscow, uko kunogara kwemakore 1390, wakararama uye aishandira imwe nguva muna Nizhny Novgorod. In tenzi guru akavimbiswa kuroorwa kwete chete kupendwa temberi uye misha mupfumi vemo, asiwo kusikwa kwemifananidzo uye bhuku Graphics.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pasi utungamiriri wake Kremlin aisiya machechi akawanda akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze, kusanganisira Chechi Kuberekwa Musikana, Arhangela Mihaila uye Annunciation. rakanyorwa Its iri anonzi kusikwa dzinoverengeka nomukurumbira kwemifananidzo - ". nokufungidzira kuna Amai vaMwari" "Kushanduka Chitarisiko raShe" (mapikicha muchikamu chino nyaya), "Don mufananidzo Amai vaMwari" uye Out Life vaTenzi 1410.

Decent mugamuchiri vatenzi zvekare

Mutsivi of mifananidzo tsika yakatangwa Andrei Rublev uye vomuzuva rake, akava Dhionisio - painter, mifananidzo iri akaurayiwa kuti Church kukereke kubvuma Mhandara Yakakomborerwa Mary Joseph Volokolamsk wemamonk, uyewo Pamifananidzo uye iconostasis Ferapontov wemamonk, nokusingaperi chefuma Russian tsika.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti Dhionisio, mukusiyana kune vakawanda mudzimba Painters, akanga asiri mumongi. Zvinorayirwa Most akaita nevanakomana vake, Vladimir uye Theodosius. It richiripo yakawanda mabasa vakaurayiwa yokudhirowa pachake kana kana rinotungamirirwa naye kubhadhara. Inonyanya nomukurumbira vavo kwemifananidzo - "Kubhabhatidzwa Kristu", "The neMhandara Hodegetria" (raitevera mufananidzo), "dzinza muGehena", uyewo zvimwe mabasa.

Makore ake upenyu haisi zvakanaka yakasimbiswa, zvinozivikanwa chete kuti tenzi akaberekwa kumativi 1444, uye musi rufu anonzi anenge 1502-1508 makore. Asi mupiro wake kwete chete kuRussia asiwo tsika nyika kwazvo zvokuti chisarudzo UNESCO 2002 akanzi Mugore Dhionisio.

Painters Russian ramakore rechi17. Simon Ushakov

Chero weboka nhoroondo kupinda nguva unyanzvi nzvimbo simuka kana kuchembera, pane zvinodiwa chaizvo, nokuti kunyange nguva kuti hadzina akaratidza kwaita zvinokosha mabasa Chokwadi, akaumba preconditions nokuda kwezvisikwa ramangwana ravo.

Zvakajeka anogona kuonekwa sei zvaidiwa magariro uye zvokunamata muupenyu Russia of XVI remakore zvakasimbisa kushandura, tanga itsva unyanzvi siyana wakanaka uri remakore inotevera.

Zvechokwadi, kupfuura unoshamisa uye yepakutanga zvinhu unhu XVII remakore yaiva guta guru painter Simon Ushakov (1626 - 1686). Nokufamba nokuenzanisa zvakavanzika unyanzvi, ndiye atova nemakore makumi maviri ashanda sezvo emhizha of Silver Chamber Ishe murayiro, apo basa rake raiva kuti yokunyora nokudhirowa kuti kugadzirwa kereke nemidziyo uye zvomutambarakede.

Mukuwedzera, tenzi muduku kupendwa mireza, vakandoteka mepu, yakaitwa zvishongo kuti anogona uye mabasa vakawanda basa rakadaro. Aifanira kunyora mufananidzo kuti mutemberi siyana uye mumisha. Nokufamba kwenguva, ndiye nzvimbo iyi okugadzira zvinhu amuvigira mukurumbira uye rukudzo.

Pashure kuchinjwa vepahofisi yeZvombo (1656), Simon Ushakov akasimbisa kwazvo chigaro pachayo sendarama aiziva vemifananidzo nguva yake. No dzimwe Moscow painter akanga mukurumbira yakadaro, uye haana kufanana nyasha nenyasha youmambo. Izvi akamutendera kuti kurarama upenyu kukudzwa uye kubudirira.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti Painters Russian vaifanira kunyora basa ravo chete yokutevedzera yekare, Ushakov zvakachengeteka kushandiswa nziyo wacho zvinhu Western kupenda, izvo panguva iyoyo ivhu zvose akazviratidza vakawanda muRussia. Kuramba pahwaro zvizvarwa tsika Russian-Byzantine, asi panguva imwe chete creatively reworked kuzadzisa vatenzi European, yokudhirowa wakasika chinhu chitsva, saka anonzi fryazhskie Style akanga mberi mune basa Painters zviri Papera nguva. Nyaya ino ine mufananidzo yake yakakurumbira kuvake "Chirariro Chokupedzisira" akanyorwa tenzi muna 1685 nokuti Dormition Cathedral yoUtatu-rwacho Segiyo Lavra.

tenzi An makuru tuore kupenda

The yechipiri yezana XVII remakore kwakaratidzwa basa rimwe tenzi kukuru - Gury Nikitin. Akaberekwa muna Kostroma, anofungidzirwa mukutanga 1620, aiva kubva zera muduku akadzidza kupenda. Zvisinei, zvakakomba ruzivo vakawana tenzi ruzivo muMoscow, apo muna 1653, pamwe chete chikwata vomunyika yake riitwe nekutaura anoverengeka temberi guru racho.

Gury Nikitin, ane basa rakasiyana ose gore rose guru zvakakwana, aizivikanwa zvikurukuru sezvo inyanzvi tuore kupenda. We achiripo mifananidzo yakawanda kwakaitwa dzemamongi uye munhu kereke muMoscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Pereslavl uye Suzdal.

A maitiro kuchiitwa Pamifananidzo kwakaitwa muuki panyaya yemubhaibheri, ndiko yavo pakupemberera ruvara pakubika uye hunova pamusoro kwokufananidzira, nokuti panguva wakadhirowewa upenyu kazhinji vakatsoropodza zvenyika ounyanzvi, ndiko kuti reorient matambudziko nyika yaro zvaisakara. Uyezve, nemhaka ake anotsvaka okusika rakava rinokosha zvinoyevedza nzira, rinobvumira tenzi kuti asike nziyo dzake inoshamisa spatial kushanda. In uri kare, akaenda pasi zita "payakavakirwa Gury Nikitin". Mukurumbira painter akafa muna 1691.

Okugadzira zvinhu Feodora Zubova

Pakupedzisira, kutaura pamusoro iconography ari XVII remakore, tisingatauri zita mumwe tenzi kukuru - ndiye Theodore Zubov (1646-1689). Akaberekwa muna Smolensk, akanga ari mangwanani 1650 wacho, achiri kuyaruka akatamira Great Ustyug, apo mumwe machechi aisiya icon "The Holy Face", pakarepo chigaro mukurumbira wake somunhu akura Artist.

Nokufamba kwenguva, mukurumbira wake ari zvikuru rakapararira Russia, kuti the artist ndadaidzwa kuMoscow uye akabatana mudonzvo Painters Armory, apo akashanda kwemakore Papera makore anopfuura makumi mana. Pakafa Simon Ushakov, kwemakore akawanda musoro aunganidzwa ipapo vatenzi, Feodor Zubov akatora nzvimbo yake. Pakati mamwe mabasa tenzi chaakapiwa rinokosha mukurumbira kuvake "apostolate", iro rinopedzisa mufananidzo mapepa. A mupiro akafanira kuti pave Russian unyanzvi vane Zubov navanakomana - Ivan uye Alex, vave mu makore Peter pakati yakanakisisa vemo engravers.