Mabasa uye zvebasa yevagari kudzivirira. Basic vehurumende kudzivirira

Mumwe kwomunhu zvinodiwa mamiriro kuchengeteka uye kugadzikana. Uye ipapo yakawanda zvinhu, zviitiko uye kutyisidzira munyika yanhasi, kudzivirira vanhu vanonzwa vakachengeteka uye yakatsiga.

Ndokusaka zvose wenzanga yakabudirira, pane zvimwe mitemo nemirayiro, maererano iyo yose vakawanda mupenyu. Munzvimbo yakachengeteka zvikuru unoshamisa rakadaro pfungwa uye gadziriro nezviyero, iri mitemo, ndiyo tsanangudzo yevagari kudzivirira.

Kubva musi uyu, vagari vose ehurumende vanofanira kunzwisisa chii vari zvinangwa zvebasa vehurumende kudzivirira, chii chiri chaizvo.

Pfungwa uye bhuku rinotsanangura yevagari kudzivirira

State wehurumende kudzivirira (GO) - iri yakarongerwa kwegadziriro nezviito nezviyero, kwakunoitwa kudzivirirwa chavagari netsika upfumi nyika kubva zvichiitika somugumisiro rechiuto evanhu kana tsaona aiva nengozi. Uyewo mukurovedza dzidzo vanhu munharaunda iyi.

Mumwe mashandiro anoita ehurumende ndiko kuva nechokwadi kuchengeteka kwevanhu. Kuzviita, nyika vakatora matanho akasiyana-siyana kuramba uye CSOs.

Basic vehurumende kudzivirira mabasa ari kundibatsira, kudzivirirwa kurwiswa muvengi, njodzi nevanhu kana dzinongoitika hunhu, uye dzimwe ngozi zvikuru kukura.

Vatungamiriri ano vehurumende kudzivirira pane Kazhinji pamwero, pane hurumende uye purezidhendi. Mune Russian Federation, kuwedzera kune pamusoro masimba, vehurumende kudzivirira dzinoitawo varikutonga masimba kumatunhu munyika yayo makanzuru. Pose rinotaura vatungamiri vayo.

Zvinangwa uye Zvinangwa

Ndeizvi vehurumende kudzivirira mabasa:

• Kurovedza vagari dzomumisha akarurama maitiro panguva muchiuto chiito kana panowanikwa dzinongoitika dzoga;
• vachinyevera vanhu vanenge pamberi ngozi kana zvayo inobvira kuwanika;
• Kubviswa kwevanhu, tsika kana zvokunyama munzvimbo dzakachengeteka dzokuvanda;
• kupa vagari zvinodiwa kuti munhu kudzivirirwa, mishonga uye kurapwa;
• kuonekwa uye tichiita zvose matanho anodiwa kubvisa swa nemwaranzi, kemikari kana utachiona zvombo nharaunda;
• kudzorera hurongwa munzvimbo akavhiyiwa zvechiuto rwaiitwa, kana kuti njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, kusanganisira pokudzorerwa paruzhinji utilities, avo munyaya iyi;
• decontamination nzira, sanitizing zvivako, injiniya zvivako;
• kurwisa moto zvinobva hondo kana njodzi;
• Chiitiko kwemarudzi ose masking;
• Urongwa zvachose rwisana unoda vehondo zvose zvinowanikwa uye achishandisa ehurumende;
• aizovigwa nezvitunha zvavanhu vanoitirwa hondo kana zvaipa.

Munogona kusarudza anotevera mabasa mumunda yevagari kudzivirira, izvo zvinofanira kuzadziswa neHurumende:

• kuita kunzwisisa zviyero kusimbisa kutsiga zvoupfumi zvivako inobatsira chokuvandudza kushanda GO munguva yedambudziko;
• dzidzo chaiyo, kurovedza uye kudzidzisazve, kana zvichikodzera, vehurumende kudzivirira uye vakuru vehurumende;
• Foundation kuvakwa anodzivirira hurongwa kuti ruzhinji kuchengeteka (semuenzaniso, matumba);
• kuzvidzora uye rinoronga mabasa masangano zvinobatanidzwa kufungidzira, dziviriro uye zvigadziriswe kwezvakatipoteredza uye nevanhu njodzi;
• pokugadzwa uye dzigadziridzwe akagadzirira kuti paruzhinji nyevero mugadziriro, hurongwa kuti kuona uye richiona kwemakemikari, radiological uye utachiona ezvinhu;
• Search pakutambudzika chitundumusere-musere, ndege, Ngarava dzepasi pemvura uye zvikepe;
• kudzidzisa vagari rakazvimirira kugadzira kudzidza unodzivirira zvokushandisa, kununura unyanzvi kubva zvombo zvinoparadza (zvenyukireya), utariri zvokununura uye Emergency Operations.

Saka, chinangwa uye vehurumende kudzivirira mabasa zvakarurama zvakanaka chinyatsotsanangurwa nomurayiro, asi tsika kazhinji pane kukundikana munyika. Somugumisiro nyika ine vagari huru nezvinhu, tisingatauri zvakapfumisa.

Mitemo vehurumende kwokudzivirira Russian Federation

The Kugadzirisa yevagari kudzivirira mabasa, chaizvo pfungwa dzayo uye zvinoreva kuti Russian Federation iri nokudzorwa Federal Mutemo № 28 "On Civil Defense". Mutemo rakagamuchirwa muna 1998, uye kuchinja kuchangobva nayo vakasikwa December 2013, nechekare pasi kuitika utungamiriri munyika.

mutemo uyu unosimbisa pfungwa vehurumende kudzivirira, huru mabasa uye zvinhu. Zvino inorondedzera kugona pamusoro vehurumende uye kodzero, mabasa, mabasa aiitwa nevagari munharaunda GO.

Kunze chinokosha Mutemo musi Defense, ari muparamende prescribes vamwe GO nuances mune mamwe mabasa pamutemo uye nemirayiro yehurumende. Muchiitiko chino, vose Federal Mutemo chokuita GO, regai kupikisa Constitution uye Civil Code.

maitiro

Mushure yakanga yakurukurwa zvavo nemashoko izvo vehurumende kudzivirira, pfungwa uye zvinangwa zvavo, uende zvakadzama kuongororwazve GO muna Russian Federation. Sezvo maitiro ake.

The GO hurongwa zvinosanganisira:

• anotonga uye Civil Protection;
• dzibvise uye zvinhu (zvokudya, mishonga, chingamubatsira) mari uye reserves;
• kuzvidzora hurongwa, yambiro uye kukurukurirana, kwakakodzera mune chiitiko ngozi;
• dzimwe nzira uye simba zvakakodzera kuitwa yevagari kudzivirira mabasa.

Civil kudzivirira unoumba yayo yakarongeka, kwete chete nokuda ari miganhu musimboti, asiwo kubva kugadzirwa. Its chikuru chaikosha ndiyo zvoupfumi sangano. Somuenzaniso, fekitari, yunivhesiti, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Nokudaro, miganhu chepfungwa inotungamirwa yevagari kudzivirira ndiko kuita kudaro panguva dzakasiyana-siyana, akasiyana kumatunhu, ndima, kumatunhu, maguta nemisha dzeRussia, maererano administrative Mapoka nyika.

Mukugadzira nheyo chete nderekuronga enhare munhu mumadhipatimendi, shumiro, mabhizimisi uye zvinhu zvakasiyana tsika.

Kubva akagamuchira mashoko zvinova pachena, riri wehurumende kuzvidzivirira. Marongerwo mabasa naro hunonyatsobatana. Sezvo neimwe Link GO anoita nhamba mitambo kuti kuwa mukati kugona yayo, mashoko anenge wegadziriro pamwe vanoumba simba uye inobudirira mashandiro.

Civil kudzivirira kunogona kuita mabasa akaoma yose zvakaita pedyo kusakarongeka pamatavi siyana ehurumende zvese, uyewo Vakuru uye pasi masangano akasiyana-siyana uye mabhizimisi. Saka zvinokosha kuti tikurukure kuti zvikamu zvose yevagari kudzivirira mumwe oga, uye ukama hwavo mune nedanho kuzadzika zvinangwa.

GO simba

In rechishanu chitsauko Federal Mutemo "On Civil Kuzvidzivirira" Civil kudzivirira nemauto vari wakaiswa. Izvi zvinosanganisira idzodzo nevarwi yeUnited kukosha, moto uye nechimbichimbi mabasa uye dzisiri mureza dzakabatana, iro basa zvikuru mabasa ose Civil Defence.

Nzira dzemauto yeRussian Federation wakaiswa nemurairo, uye avo munyaya ruvengo, kudzivirira kana kubvisa migumisiro zvashata ezvinhu pakutsvaga President of Russian Federation. Zvemamiriro inotungamirwa chete munyaya kwacho maererano nepurani vehurumende kudzivirira, kubudikidza chirevo mukuru, uyo ari musoro Civil Defence mundima apo zvichidikanwa.

Uyewo FL akaratidza nezvigadziko basa rinokosha dzakabatana uye varikutonga simba, iyo mvumo kugadzirisa dambudziko racho Russian Federation of Civil Defense. zvinoti:

• inokosha midziyo uye nezvombo (pfuti uye kuchitonhora) vari ehurumende nemasangano vakanga munzvimbo iyi.
• Military kununurwa zvidzidzo vanopiwa chaiyo tsamba, imwe mharidzo, izvo zvinoratidza mamiriro avo. Uyewo muchiuto vari dzakawanda zviratidzo kuti vanopinda mauto yevagari kudzivirira.
• rubatsiro Social, mari uye basa rinoitwa neZvapupu zvavo ehondo Russian Federation mitemo. Saka mari dzinounzwa pamusoro zvakasiyana siyana (yeUnited, kwematunhu uye nemakanzuru), zvichienderana iyo inotungamirwa mari.

Munguva yehondo, zvombo masimba Russian vanotanga kushanda kubva kuzivisa mutemo wechiuto neMutungamiriri weNyika, uye munguva yorugare, mune chiitiko matenda, tsaona, mhando nevanhu, njodzi kana matambudziko, njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga.

utungamiri

GO Guide kuRussia maererano mutemo kuitwa Hurumende. State Mutemo munharaunda iyoyo chinobatanidza yeUnited muviri Executive simba pachishandiswa masimba kwariri neMutungamiriri weNyika. Pachiyero ehurumende uye matunhu neminisiparati masangano ushe vehurumende kuzvidzivirira muviri mukuru Executive masangano uye makanzuru azvaitwa. Chiefs zvachose vouch uye vane basa rokuronga uye kuita mabasa kuchengetedza nokudzivirira vanhu.

Kuti nenguva, munyika akakodzera nharaunda, uye isu tave akasangana zvakazara zvinangwa mumunda yevagari kudzivirira, muna Russian Federation anotevera legislated vehurumende kudzivirira vatariri Board:

1. Executive muviri mumunda rehurumende batana kukosha.

simba iri rinopa zvakakodzera mitemo yose mitumbi repasi azvipire uye masangano. It anonyanya kutyora, pamutemo uye supervisory mashandiro, kuti akapa vane zvinangwa uye mabasa ose Civil Defence.

2. Local Executive zvitunha simba rehurumende.

zvenharaunda ichi nzvimbo kuti zvibviswe nemigumisiro dzinongoitika dzoga, batsira panguva yedambudziko zvavo mvumo kugadzirisa chero vehurumende kudzivirira pamusoro munharaunda imwe chete sangano kana Municipality. mitumbi yakadaro aigarira ne servicemen emauto vamapoka yeUnited simba, uyewo mukuru vakuru Kuronga yeUnited moto basa uye sevhiriyeni vashandi.

Vatungamiriri miganhu mitumbi anofanira yakatarwa uye kudzinga nokurayira yeUnited Executive muviri. Dzisunungurei kubva muhofisi sezvo President anofanira kuva nekodzero.

3. Structural mapoka yeUnited Executive simba zvakasikwa.

4. pedzimba Masangano (vashandi).

Masimba President uye hurumende iri Russian Federation mumunda Civil

Kunze nokuti FL-28 anotsanangura chinangwa uye vehurumende kudzivirira mabasa, rinotsanangura ayo pfungwa uye features, asiwo chakaparadzana chitsauko prescribes kuti kugona kuti vehurumende vari mumunda uyu.

Saka, muchitsauko Art rechipiri. 5 waiti kuti President anobvumidzwa:

• kuona nokuda nevakawanda mutemo mumunda yevagari kudzivirira;
• bvumira uye rokunyora GO Plan sezvo nharaunda yose Russian Federation uye munhu zvidzidzo;
• kutaura nhamba, murwiyo, mamiriro kununura mauto anokwana zviyero, nzvimbo sangano ravo uye kuchinja.

Maererano Art. 6 Hurumende yeRussian Federation kuti rakaitwa vehurumende kudzivirira mabasa, vane kodzero uye basa kuti:

• nechokwadi Implementation rakabatana mutemo mumunda kudzivirira;
• aipiwa zvinonyatsorehwa mufambiro musangano nguva uye vehurumende kudzivirira;
• kunobereka siyana mitemo nemirayiro mumunda kudzivirira uye kuronga kukura Federal Law;
• kuona murayiro panotaurwa kwenzvimbo kumapoka yevagari kudzivirira;
• kumisa nzira nokuda kubvisa vanhu, zvinhu tsika kubva nengozi;
• simbisai nemitemo kudzidzisa vagari mumunda kudzivirira;
• kuona hurongwa pakusika dzinochengeterwa uye matumba, uyewo kuchengetwa, kushandiswa uye kuchengetera siyana anodzivirira mano, zvokudya uye mishonga.

Masimba nevarikutonga zviremera mumunda Civil

Maererano Art. 7 zvitunha Executive simba nokure GO anogona uye anofanira:

• kushandisa mirayiro munzvimbo ino, kuti pfungwa mashoko huri mazviri, masangano anokwanisa akuteerere kuchengetwa dzavo uye Implementation;
• kutanga chirongwa yevagari kudzivirira, apo ekufambisa nemvura batana hurumende;
• kuita mabasa uye vehurumende kudzivirira nzira pakusika masimba zvakafanira uye nzira yokuzvidzivirira;
• vaite kunzwisisa zviyero kuti kuchengetedza zvinhu, zvinokosha kushanda upfumi uye ndichengetedze upenyu hwevanhu;
• sika uye arambe zvizere vanokwanisa pakati michina utariri yevagari kudzivirira zviyero, uyewo nokuda hurongwa pasvika vanhu;
• rokusika uye kuongorora yakachengeteka reserves urongwa, mishonga nezvimwe zvinhu zvakakodzera.

Civil CSOs

Kuti adzivirire vanhu pamusoro nengozi, kuwedzera vehurumende, munewo nokuumbwa GO panguva vachida pamwero. In wehurumende CSOs akadaro anogona kupinda vagari vose mukuru, vasina asvika mudyandigere zera, kunze vakadzi nepamuviri, vanhu vakaremara, vanaamai nevana vaduku (pasi makore 8) uye dzimwe mhando vemunyika.

FL-28 zvinosimbisawo dambudziko rehurumende vehurumende kudzivirira masangano uye masimba avo. zvinoti:

• Kuronga uye sangano mabasa ari kudzivirira;
• Implementation hwokudzidzisa vashandi vayo pasango kudzivirira;
• sika uye kuchengeta avo uwandu mari panguva njodzi, mishonga, zvokudya.

Organization 1st uye 2nd uye vamwe kirasi 3rd ngozi (kugadzirwa radiological kana zvenyukireya ngozi, waterworks) vanofanira kuumba uye kuramba vari kugara akagadzirira kununura mwero inotungamirwa. A 1st uye makirasi 2nd ngozi asi uye omunharaunda mugadziriro Muvuti yokukurukurirana.

Zvimwe zviri Russian Federation of Civil Defense

Unogona kuwedzera kuti vose Russian vehurumende kudzivirira mabasa, zvichienderana zvinonakisa nechinzwano zvokunze kwezvakatipoteredza, kuitwa modes akawanda:

1. Daily mabasa - kuita munguva yorugare, zvinangwa uye zvinangwa, pasina dzinongoitika uye manmade dzoga.
2. Inosimudzira chido - maitiro pamwe pachena ngozi yehondo, kuderera zvinhu kwemakemikari, mwaranzi, zvizivikanwe nemichina kana maindasitiri hunhu.
3. mamiriro dzenjodzi - nokunzi hondo, nemauto mutemo, chaiwo kuzadziswa tsaona nenjodzi.

A mashoko mashoma maererano sei kazhinji ichishanduka uye kushandura vehurumende kuzvidavirira. nguva dzose GO mabasa anoteererwa uye vatendeuke, zvichienderana worudzii ngozi pangozi nyika munguva.

Somuenzaniso, mumakore makumi matatu nemakumi maviri ezana remakumi maviri nemakumi maviri nemakumi mashanu ekudzivirirwa kwemhepo kwekukosha kwemukati kwakasikwa. Yakanga ine chokuita nekuonekwa uye kuwedzerwa kwebhodhiyo panguva iyoyo kubva kumhirizhonga (vaGermany vanoparadza). Nekubatsirwa kwegadziriro iyi, mabhomba akawanda emhepo akashandurwa asingakuvadzi, moto wakawanda wemoto wakadzimwa uye njodzi dzemagetsi dzakadziviswa.

Pakati pezana remakore rechi20, pane dambudziko rezvombo zvenyukireya, saka panguva ino nyika yakanga ichivaka zvigadziriswe zvayo zvekuzvidzivirira kwayo. Vagari vaigara vachirovedzwa nenzira uye zviito zvakakosha kudzivirira kuputika kwe nyukireya.

Nhasi, hurumende inowanzotambudzwa nehugandanga nemakororo. Uyewo njodzi dzinokonzera njodzi (moto, mafashamo). Nokudaro, masimba ose ehurumende nevanhu vanoiswa mukurwa navo. Nokuda kwezvinangwa izvi muRussia Federation kubvira munaJanuary, 1994 kune Hurongwa hweEmergency Measures.

Mhedziso

Izwi rokuti "zvidziviriro zvehurumende", tsanangudzo yaro nemabasa munyika ino yanhasi zvairehwa pamusoro apa. Kubva pane ruzivo rwakagamuchirwa, tinogona kugumisa kuti mumazuva ano RF kune hurongwa hunoshandisika hwemitemo mumunda weGO. Kunyange zvakadaro, kubva gore negore kune mamiriro akasiyana-siyana, kubva paanova pachena kuti kuchine zvakawanda zvinetso munzvimbo ino. Pamusana pokusava nemhosva, kusava nehanya uye kuvimbiswa kwevatongi uye nhengo dzemakurukota makuru, nyika inotambura kurasikirwa kukuru uye inotasikirwa nehupenyu hwevanhu vayo.

Panyaya iyi, zvakakosha kukosimbisa mazano makuru mukusimudzirwa kwehurumende yekudzivirira:

1. Tsanangudzo yehurumende yezvinhu zvakakosha mukubhadhara uye kushandiswa kweGO GO mabasa.
2. Kusimbiswa kwezviremera zvine unyanzvi pamusoro pekudzidziswa kwakarongeka mune zvidzidzo zvekuchengeteka kwezvinhu zvose zvisiri zvematongerwe enyika uye masangano ekudzivirirwa kwehurumende pamwe nevanhu vese venyika.
3. Kugumburwa kwechirango chekuita kusina kunaka kwebasa ravo nevakuru vakuru mumunda wekuchengetedzwa kwehurumende.