How kudya howa? Power, mamiriro uye kubereka vana notumwe. Chii mhuka kudya howa?

Pakati dondo kasvisto zvikuru zvizhinji zvisikwa zvisinganzwisisiki. Asi imwe mhando chirimwa zvipenyu kurudyi riri pamusoro nzvimbo ine zvimiso Rating chakavanzika uye byway. Tiri kutaura howa. Masayendisiti achiri hauzivi ndevenyu chii mhando zvipenyu kuti nemiti kana miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. Kutozosvikira munguva ichangopfuura Howa vaionekwa vamiririri chirimwa nyika. Asi ikozvino vose bhotani vari anyanye ndeyenhema kubvuma ichi. Uye kana zvakadaro, ipapo venyika mhuka. Muchiitiko chino, pane anonakidza mubvunzo: "sei kudya howa"

Umambo notumwe

The kudzidza izvi zvinoshamisa zvisikwa zvakasikwa ari mubasa rose inoenda bhotani. Inonzi mycology (uye kunyange sei kudya howa, Grade 7 akawanikwa ari rechikoro). Kunyange kana isu kutanga kubva muchiLatin pakunzi howa - Mafungus, kana Mycota, zvinova pachena kuti ndiyo yose. Kana, sezvo mamwe masayendisiti - kunyikadzimu unstudied zvipenyu.

The chikuru chinoratidza notumwe ndechokuti nokubatanidza zvinhu zvose mhuka uye chirimwa upenyu. Kwakadaro Kusonganirana botanists vanodana eukaryotic zvinenge. Kare pakutanga XIX remakore, mamwe masayendisiti yataurwa zvaainyora nezvezvichaitwa howa ari oga umambo. Zvisinei, rimwe rokupedzisira mafungiro panyaya yakaumbwa chete 70-ies ose XX remakore. Panguva iyoyo masayendisiti isimbiswe kudiwa howa ari oga panyika. In yechipiri yezana XX remakore, zivo yawana kudzidza umambo anoshamisa akabvumira masayendisiti kugovera zvinenge kupinda akawanda chose chokuita mumwe mitsetse nokuparadzira navo kunzvimbo dzakasiyana.

Zvakabuda pakudzidza "chaiye" howa anoonekwa kuti mumwe chete mhando. We ndakadzidza kuti "muti" ne nguwani madzinde kuti upenyu kunyanya mumasango. Kutaura zvazviri, mhando dzose chakuvhuvhu uye utachiona vaakadanawo notumwe. Uye enzanisa navo avo kuti kurarama kundoongororwa iri chikwindi, kunodokuva kusingabviri. Pashure pezvose - uye izvi kanenge - utachiona uye hunokuvadza kudya zvakasiyana.

Pakutanga ari XXI remakore, kunyange tsanangudzo "howa" riri nharo. Kana isu nezvazvo rakamanikana kudzidudzira, iyo inorondedzera kuti zvipenyu taxonomy, zvakakodzera kushandisa shoko rokuti "taxon" (mufananidzo poushe zvakasikwa). Munguva yekare, zvikuru yakafara pfungwa, uku chakarasikirwa pakutanga zvichinje. Nhasi inorondedzera zvipenyu uye trophic boka, izvo zvinounza pamwe heterotrophic eukaryotes chete osmotrofnym mhando kuzvida (ndizvo zvatiri kuziva: sei kudya howa). Biology achiri kudzidza nyaya. Asi chii chokuita zvatinosiita nhengo genus ichi ane gumbo uye ngowani, rakagara richidudzirwa kunorondedzerwa mycology. Uye tinoedza kubata "vanhuwo" uye "ziendamberi" notumwe kuti vagere masango edu uye Mafuro.

kusiyana

Biological uye zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza kusiyana ushe zvikuru. Uyu ndiwo mumwe kupfuura nzira zvipenyu, zviri chinokosha zvose pano uye hwemvura zvinhu zvipenyu. Maererano ano nokutsvakurudza, kufambidzana nomumwe pane 100 kusvika 250 zviuru siyana mhando notumwe.

Muna 2008, umambo Mafungus, masayendisiti vaverenga makirasi 36, 140 mirairo, 560 mhuri uye 8283 ukapisa Generic zita kwazvakaita ichi. Fadza nenhamba! Zvechokwadi, howa kugara imwe niche inokosha zvakatipoteredza kusakarongeka nemunhu. Ivo varipo mune chero mumamiriro ezvinhu: nemvura, panyika, pamusoro ose substrates.

How kudya howa? Mhinduro pfupi iri rakanaka nyore: .. Vane decomposers, kureva, anoora nemhando dzose Organic zvinhu, apo kukurudzira nokuumbwa itsva vadanana akaturikidzana. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa sechinhu chinyakare simba. Asi usakanganwa kuti pezvakaitwa vakadaro vanoita asi basa rinokosha ikoroji yose biosphere.

azere chikumbiro

Chimwe chinokosha zvikuru chinokosha mashandiro anoita notumwe anowanikwa ose symbiotic munharaunda. Somuenzaniso, mycorrhiza - sangano of mycelium pamwe midzi dzakakwirira zvinomera, lichens -. Rimwe symbiosis pakati chakuvhe rwebhuruu-uswa algae, uye zvichingodaro N. And vamiririri murayiro neokalimastigovyh ndivo fanira chezvinonhuwira ari zvomudumbu kwacho ruminants. Uye chii mhuka zvokudya pamusoro notumwe, uye haigoni kutaura. Just kutanga yataura!

Kana isu kutaura munhu, zvino, sezvo tichiziva, yakawanda mhando notumwe yaishandiswa zvokudya, zvokurapa uye neimba zvinangwa. Culinary unyanzvi pakati cuisines zhinji dzenyika dzine ichi muviri, zvinonaka uye utano chigadzirwa. maindasitiri kurima kwavo nevakawanda zvikuru. Pane indasitiri kugadzirwa yose inokosha zvokuvakisa kurima howa. zvigadzirwa aya chinangwa nokuda mafeni vari kuita kurimwa yavo musha. Saka varimi vanofanira kuziva kuti kudya howa. Anopindura chinokosha kukanganisa negoho uye basa mari.

A yakanaka kwazvo nemaziso notumwe, inowanzoshandiswa zvokudya indasitiri achigadzirira zvinodhaka, izvo zvinokosha kweShanduro chinovira kwacho. Not kuteerera uye mishonga. Mazuva hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu kugadzirwa inorwisa mabhakitiriya vanoitwa kushandiswa mamwe marudzi tusingaoneki izvi.

Fungal ngozi

Zvisinei, notumwe ingashandiswa uye kukuvadza. Hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti anokuvadza notumwe, izvo vachikura vakagadzikana zvipenyu gadziriro, anogona kuva dambudziko rakakura zvikuru nemashoko kuchengeteka. Kazhinji regai vangangokukuvadza hazvizivi ezvinhu kana munzvimbo yebasa yevanhu, vanogona kukonzera chirwere - chisasa, uye dzimwe nguva zvakakomba kukuvara zvomukati - zvakadzama mycoses. Uye chokuita kwete chete vanhu asiwo mhuka.

ngozi zvikuru kuti muchetura dzevanhu kungava "chinyakare" muchetura howa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kunyange rufu zvinokwanisika. chepfu kwakadaro Kazhinji anokonzerwa ingestion anokosha chepfu kana hallucinogenic howa.

nyore kupatsanura

Kutaura zvinoshamisa zvinenge izvi, ndinoda kupindura inokosha uye inonakidza kudaro mubvunzo ane: "sei kudya howa" Mhinduro vano- siyana, uye izvi pasinei nokuti vakawanda vavo ndezvaJehovha imwe boka - kukirasi Basidiomycetes. Vamiririri ake rakanyatsojeka zvakakomba kusiyana nemashoko zvakasikwa chikafu yaunodya.

Kana isu patsanura dzinodyiwa dondo zvigadzirwa sei kukura uye sei kudya howa, ivo unogona kukamurwa matatu huru mumapoka:

• saprotrophs manyowa;
• huni-achiparadza notumwe;
• mycorrhiza.

By manyowa saprotrophs vaya howa mycelium iyo pakanyenga manyowa rukoko ivhu. Howa Tidzidze makemikari nyaya vaunganidza imwe yakatotsakatika matanda, uswa, etc. Zvinofadza kuti vakawanda vavo vachikura yakazaruka dzezvimwe - .. The minda, Mafuro, inowanzorimwa zvikamu. boka iri achinyanya zvinosanganisira akadaro aizivikanwa zvose notumwe akaita howa, raincoats uye namazvizvi. Chii kudya howa nezvikara? Kana paine chinhu purofiti, vanova saprotroph. Asi vanosarudza kubata mhando dzose zvigare mhenyu. Kuti aite izvi, zvikara vane chaiwo namano inokubvumirai abate mhuka. Kakawanda, chikamu ichi namira mutumbi chakuvhe: hyphae network, mapazi mycelium. Asi pane vamwe vari chaizvoizvo vari zvakadzipwa wacho nokukurumidza kuwedzera kukura.

Zita rowechipiri boka anotaura pacharo. Wood-achiparadza notumwe, kana ksilotrofy kurarama kazhinji vemiti. Zvinovaka muviri pezvakaitwa akadaro kuitwa notumwe anoshanda zvivako, zviri nemakwati miti. Kazhinji, notumwe izvi dzinowanikwa mumasango uye, akavapindurawo, vari mapoka mapoka maviri zvimiso: howa-tupukanana uye hunokuvadza saprotrophs. Pamunenge muchikurukura sei pamusoro pezvipikirwa howa-tupukanana, zvinova pachena kuti ivo zvakakomba kuparadza miti, selyas pamusoro kuhukura yavo. Kunyange vamwe vavo vanoda kukura pamusoro akafa pehuni yatova kuchinja nzira saprotrophic simba.

Most artificially kukudziridzwa howa - ksilotrofov - ndezvaJehovha subgroup saprotroph. Kakawanda vanova pamusoro stumps kana matanda akafa. Pakati ichi mhando ndewe kudoma inonyatsozivikanwa Oyster, zhizha Armillaria uye shiitake. Howa Ava zvinokosha nokuti inogona kukura gore rose ezvokunambira kunze kwomuviri waamai. In rinokosha nzvimbo, kwakavakirwa Somuenzaniso, tsvina huni maindasitiri, zvinokwanisika kuronga kuti papurazi mhando.

chirimwa symbiosis

Mycorrhizal notumwe, izvo zvimiso boka rechitatu, zvakatoipa amenable kuti chakagadzirwa kurimwa. Panguva kukura, ivo zvakabatana pamwechete midzi yemiti makuru, achiumba kwavari mycorrhiza - imwe mhando midzi. Muchiitiko chino, symbiosis yakazara kunoitika saka sezvo huni uye chakuvhe zvakafanana kubatsira mumwe. Tree marudzi inopa simba howa-zvinodiwa, zvakanaka, iyewo, anogovera huni zvakakodzera chicherwa muviri. Kunyanya phosphorus uye senitrogen.

How kudya howa? The pevhu chikamu dzine richiparadzirwa muvhu, criss-kuyambuka huru pamudzi chirimwa uye achiita mashandiro mudzi vhudzi. Part of hyphae kupinda munzvimbo midzi huru muti, zvakabviswa kubva muviri. Vamwe atakatora ivhu mvura, chicherwa munyu uye dzimwe solutes, zvinganaka senitrogen tigutsikane. Saka kuwana zviri zvishoma kugamuchirwa huru mudzi ezvinhu zvinomera, uyewo kuva inotonhorera sezvamunoita kuna chakuvhe pachayo.

Chimwe dzinonakidza Chokwadi ndechokuti mycorrhizal anogona kuva pasina mudzi ezvinhu dzakakwirira zvinomera. Asi muchiitiko chino hatuzoumbiki fruiting zvitunha chakuvhe ichi. Izvi ndizvo zvinoitika kumba uye chakuvhe culturing chena pedyo pawo subspecies (boletuses, Aspen). Ndokusaka boka iri notumwe haina artificially kukudziridzwa. Kunyange pasina mitemo pasina kunze. Somuenzaniso, muFrance uye Germany zvakajairika chaizvo kurimwa vatema chili, iyo inokura midzi Beech uye nemiouki mizambiringa yakabva kumwe.

Kuti kudya howa

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti howa vanopiwa vakagadzirira akagadzirwa Organic yeimwe. Asi zvakadaro, mukuru basa iri reDare yeimwe kuva kabhoni hwaro. Carbon - huru kunobva simba notumwe. Zvokudya dzinodyiwa notumwe chinokosha pamberi nitrogenous zvinhu - ivo havi kukura. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, kudyiwa inorganic yacho kakawanda akati notumwe unogutiswa autotrophic. Kazhinji, izvi Ammonium nitrate uye Ammonium munyu pamusoro nomukaka. Kuwedzera kabhoni uye senitrogen nziyo, howa akashandisa uye vazhinji zvicherwa - calcium, magnesium uye phosphorus. Uye somunhu micronutrient howa zvinoda zvinhu zvakadai mhangura, zingi uye manganese.

Asi zvakadaro, kana ukakumbirwa sei kudya howa, mhinduro pfupi inofanira kuva sezvinotevera: heterotrophically. Izvi zvinoreva kuti havagoni vakazvimiririra kupatsanurwa inorganic zvicherwa kupinda Organic. Saka, zvose zvakafanira Wakanyura muchimiro "mhinduro aqueous".

Knowledge nezvekuti kudya howa, zvamugere inokosha hazvizivi kurimwa dzinodyiwa mitezo iyi yeushe. Apedza kusika yakanaka zvakatipoteredza kukura kwavo - kiyi vakabudirira maindasitiri kugadzirwa.

Animals uye hunokuvadza

Pachishandiswa pamusoro apa, zvinova pachena kuti howa vane zvikuru nemigumisiro yakakomba munhu zvokudya mbishi zvinhu pfungwa. Asi zvinhu zvakamira pamwe fauna of? Chii kunokosha munyika howa iri kwavari? Chii mhuka kudya howa? Mibvunzo iyi inogona akapindura nokuongorora zvakadzama tsika vakawanda vanogara musango. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa pakarepo kuti vanoda chaizvo kudya zvakawanda zvesango, dzakadai Stony, squirrels, mabheya, nondo.

vavhimi More kudya howa vakaziva dondo mbeva. Ndivo, zvisinei, kashoma kuita mumatanda, vachisarudza havo kudya kure zvose zvikuru richinaka zvakananga pasi. Curious chokwadi kuti masango mbeva-vole zvimwe kudya Stipe, vachisiya node ari hat. Uye kana tiri kuona vakawanda heti pasi Aspen howa uye shava chivharo boletus, chinhu chokwadi chiratidzo chokuti nzvimbo iyi yakanga ichangobva mutambo murine.

Vamwe vamiririri shiri uyewo rudo howa. Vanodya navo chete muzhizha-matsutso nguva, sklevyvaya kubata pasi. The chido notumwe masayendisiti vakanga makwapa Jay, Grouse uye dzimwe mhando Grouse. Uye minhenga kuti nokukurumidza kupararira dondo zvipo, akatakura fungal spores (kuvaparadzanisa pamwe mutsvina yadzo) iri kumbonyanya mumaruwa magetsi kwezvakatipoteredza. Harisati zvakakwanisika nokuti spores, achipfuura zvomudumbu gadziriro kweshiri, Vanoshandisa yakakudziridza imere.

tsindi reserves

Kana isu kutaura mapuroteni, muzhizha vanowana uye kudya howa pasi. Munguva yechando nguva, mapuroteni anodyisa zvokushandisa, kukohwewa kwokutanga. Howa muzadze pandiri nokuti chando mhuka anotanga mukupera yezhizha. Uyezve, inonakidza nuance ndechokuti pamberi okuchengetera howa aoma muzuva kudzivisa kumwe kuora. Kazhinji, puroteni yakarembera pamusoro pemiti kuitira kuti varege kuva nyore kune dzimwe vavhimi kudya chigadzirwa. Kakawanda iye anoshandisa Tumapazi Conifers. Ndoda mapuroteni kungoti anoronga chakaurawa yavo hwomutambarakede stumps uye chete sandara hukawanika.

Kana muna September, achifamba mumasango, kunyatsotarisisa vamwe nemisipiresi kana Pin, unogona kazhinji kuona zviratidzo kucheka mhuka idzi Negima. Eya, uri uwandu blanks nokuti chando anogona kutongwa kubva nhamba inopiwa nemasayendisiti. Paavhareji mapuroteni locates chimwe slots kusvika 200 vamapoka notumwe siyana. Pretty chaizvo nhamba, kunyanya kana ukafunga kuti hombe chidimbu kubva Stores rwugare howa chena. The zvachose kurema zvigadzirwa yaoma inogona kusvika magiramu 600. Izvi yakaenzana anenge 6 makirogiramu zvakafanana howa mbishi.

Amanita - muchetura kana kubatsirwa?

Uye anodya howa musango? Kana isu kutaura guru dondo vanogara, chinhu chokutanga zviripo nezve ndiyo Stony. Hadzina chaizvoizvo zvikuru kwazvo howa, uye yakasiyana mhando. Panyaya Stony Zvinofadza chaizvo ndechokuti vanoda kudya nhunzi agaric, iyo miti nemhuka zvakazonaka zhinji zvipenyu zviri muchetura. Masayendisiti vanofarira chaizvo kudzidza nyaya iyi, asi kuti kure havagoni kutsanangura chaiyo yezvakaita chinonakidza. Vazhinji vavo vanonzwa vachida kufunga kuti iyi nzira Stony zvimwe "disinfect" muviri wako. Panewo maonero kuti zvimwe zvicherwa howa kukurudzira kugaya Elk.

Panyaya iyi, tinoona kuti kwete chete mhuka, asi vanhu dzimwe nguva vanoshandisa kubhururuka agaric. Asi, kusiyana nemhuka, vanhu vadye amanita chete zvokurapa zvinangwa. Kumaruwa, vachiri kuita zvakasiyana-siyana doro tincture pahwaro chakuvhe ichi. Zvinonzi nharo kuti avo kushandiswa chinowedzera nokurapa rheumatism.

Kutaura zvazviri howa zvine yakawanda anobatsira, zvose vanhu nemhuka chero zvinhu. Uye kuti chinangwa yezvokurapa kudzivirira, uye kwete kubva nenzara, mhuka dzakawanda kushandisa zvokudya.