Giotto neshongwe Florence

Mumwe yakakurumbira rainzwika Florence ndiye Shongwe Giotto. Photos of bhero shongwe iri akashongedzwa postcards, mapepa, t-shirts, mugs uye dzimwe matkamuistoja vane pfungwa yekare guta wokuItaly. Tower akabatanidzwa basa rinokosha muupenyu Ages Florence. Kubva pakutanga chaipo, zvaiva kushumira sechiratidzo ukuru, simba rehondo uye rusununguko kweguta. Munyaya ino isu tsanangura kuvakwa bhero shongwe chikwereti. Sight ndomumwe okutanga nzvimbo ndandanda vanofanira kuona Florence. vashanyi vakawanda havazivi kupi kutsvaka shongwe pedyo Giotto. Zvichakadai, ndicho bhero neshongwe Cathedral Santa Maria Del it fiore.

Campanile ukoshi nokuti Florence

Kuti tinzwisise basa bhero shongwe Ages upenyu weboka rokuItari guta, tinofanira kuita nhoroondo shoma. Panguva kwezana XIII-XIV emakore kuItaly, aitambudza pamwe zvakakomba hondo pakati Guelphs uye gibbelinami. Chokutanga waitsigira nokusimbaradza papa simba, apo yokupedzisira waitsigira simba chamambo. Guelph kukunda zvakaita kuti kutonga yeRoma Curia. House shongwe gibbelinskih pakuzvarwa akanga akavanzwa, avo varidzi vari akaurayiwa kana vakatumwa kuutapwa.

Kuti aratidze pamberi pose pose dare rechechi yacho catholicity, hurumende guta akatanga kuvaka refu bhero shongwe Gothic machechi. "Kuvimba" Shongwe Pisa - ichi ndomumwe wavo. Florence, izvo kare vaikwikwidzana pamwe Siena ari zvoushumiri ane mushandirapamwe ichava yepamusoro, uye aida zvodii kuvaka vake Church-soro bhero shongwe. Paiva shongwe Giotto. The guta akasarudza kubhadhara mutengo kuti asimuke uye basa pakuvaka kupfuura mufashoni uye, naizvozvovo, tenzi zvinodhura. Gwaro ipapo inoti: "Mushandirapamwe ndiko nokukudza guta, uye izvi zvinogona kuitwa bedzi kana basa achapiwa kutungamirirwa tenzi wacho inozvikudza ... Munyika haana kuwana munhu matarenda kupfuura Florentine Giotto Bondone."

Kuvaka shongwe

Maererano canons kuItaly gothic art Cathedral, yorubhabhatidzo kamuri (baptistry) uye bhero shongwe (Campanile) vaifanira kuva vakaparadzana mumwe. Makore maviri chete pashure pakutanga pakuvaka Cathedral Santa Maria Del it fiore, muna 1298, yakanga akachera gomba hwaro reshongwe. Pakutanga belfry kuvaka pamwe nedare remakurukota akarayira mapurani Arnolfo von change. Zvisinei, muna 1302 iye akafa, uye kuvakwa bhero neshongwe amira pedyo zvikuru sezvo matatu. July 9, 1334 bhishopi guta kwazvo wakaisa ibwe rokutanga uye vatsvene panzvimbo neshongwe yaiva kumukazve. Giotto akatanga, kana guta akamumisa wegore negore muhoro ine florins zana zvendarama - chihombe Nemutengo panguva. Tenzi, uyo aiva nemakore 67 okuberekwa, akapisira wedzimhosva mufashoni "German" muenzaniso. Akatorawo kufungawo nebudiriro mapurani pamusoro Cathedral kubudikidza Arnolfo od change kuti Campanile zvinoenderana chivakwa polychrome chechi. Giotto akashandisa nzira inonzi "chiaroscuro", zvichiita neshongwe sokuti kupendwa. Tenzi vakagadzirawo nezvishongo vanodhirowa, vanonzi kare. Asi machena kuziva urongwa hwake vasina nguva. Akafa muna 1337, apo Giotto shongwe muFlorence yakavakwa chete kutangira weDanho.

mberi kuvaka

Zvinenge sokuti, musafunganya kuti guta, kurasikirwa rino haana kuuya. Kubudisa tenzi yokufeva, kuti zvose Masvomhu yokunyora nokudhirowa "nyaya" yemabhura, zvaakanga akaronga pachigaro pamadziro, nechekare zvakanaka mudura wedzimhosva. Asi consuls vakasarudza kukoka kuenderera mberi kuvakwa zvichida inozvikudza mapurani - Andrea Pisano. Izvi muuki inozivikanwa kuvakwa zasi portal of Baptistery. Akashanda pamusoro bhero shongwe kusvikira 1343 uye vakakwanisa kuvaka zvinotevera, weDanho wechipiri. Asi Giotto shongwe Panguva iyi yakange yakashongedzwa yakakwirira biforami. Nepo vamwe tenzi vakaraira vakatevera vanodhirowa kusiiwa Giotto.

Muna 1347 iye hwapararira yose Europe "rufu dema." Kubva denda akafa uye Andrea Pisano. The mapurani wechitatu, Francesco Talenti, akapedza kuvakwa bhero shongwe. Akararamazve nayo, maererano chirongwa Giotto nemarudzi zvitatu machena, asiwo akachinja zvavo pakutanga ubate. Kunyange zvakadaro, kubva pakutanga kuvakwa rapfuura kota remakore, uye German manyorerwo ndokubuda fashoni. Sezvo nemimba nokuda 122-mita bhero shongwe aifanira kuroorwa mativi tende kureba "makubhiti 50". Muna 1359 Talenti nemaune akasiya pfungwa. Kuswedera chokutanga, iyo yava achichengetwa Museum Siena, uye chirongwa pedyo Florence Cathedral akasiyana chaizvo. Asi, pasinei nokuti vaviri anotevedzana ezvivako mauya zvakawanda pfungwa dzavo pakasikwa ichi chinoshamisa kusikwa ounyanzvi, bhero neshongwe ichiri Rine zita "Rusvingo Giotto."

Aripiko Campanile

The kuvakwa Kukwirira 84 metres zvakaoma kurega. The kunzwisisa yose zvivako iri Cathedral Square muFlorence. Ndiyo kereke Santa Maria Del it fiore (mushanduro - "Lady kwatinoita Flowers") uye wakasununguka-amire bhera shongwe uye Baptistery yeSan Giovanni. Pandinofanirawo huru portal ari Cathedral, Shongwe Giotto ari kurudyi kwayo.

zvekunze chishongo

Kunaka bhero shongwe anouraya. Pasinei monumentality uye kukwirira, zvinoita sokuti zvakawanda zvakafanana zvishongo pane chivako. Neshongwe iri kwezvokufuka, Airy. Self-yaiva kupesana uye mahwindo Gothic dzakakwirira kuti slimmer. Shongwe Giotto nemiedzo mhando nhatu machena: a chando-chena Carrara, mutema pamusoro Prato uye Siena mu tsvuku. The Gothic mawindo pebhanhire reefodhi yakakoswa pembiru. WaMosesi inoisa kushanda Cosmati hama enliven chena uye mitema masvingo.

Zvifananidzo uye Bhanabhasi-reliefs

Imhaka yokushongedzwa ichi uye yakakurumbira Shongwe Giotto. Aripiko muuki aenzana? Giotto andisiya shure pane zviitiko. Zvichida dzimwe ukomba rokutanga uye rechipiri tiers ndivo vaya aricheke kana vadzidzi chikoro chake. Pakutanga, mativi matatu Giotto shongwe yakange yakashongedzwa Bhanabhasi-reliefs. Gare gare, vamwe ukomba akasika tenzi Luca della Robbia. Chechitatu weDanho pamusoro belfry iri yakashongedzwa gumi yakanyungudutswa. Original rakanyorwa Donatello akatamira miziyamu, uye nemhepo, zuva uye mvura Makopi. Vamwe machena "nhoroondo 'aitwa Andrea Pisano.

maonero

Kusiya pfungwa yepakutanga, Talenti, wokupedzisira mapurani ari bhero shongwe, havana kunyange kuziva kuti inoshandura basa guru akawanda zvizvarwa zvevashanyi. Nokuda nokuchinja racho Giotto neshongwe Florence akanga akaderera nokuda anenge makumi mana metres, asi yava ane kuona papuratifomu. Zvino, nokuputsa 414 matanho, unogona kuyeva Panorama guta rekare, kufunga zvakadzama rising Brunelleschi basa. The pamasitepisi yose mukati neshongwe unotemwa ne vakawanda mahwindo uye zvishoma nezvishoma nokukurira pachikuva, unogona kunakidzwa chiedza sezvo resi yokushongedzwa bhero shongwe.

A chete kupinda ari Campanile kunodyira 6 euros. Zvikuru mari kutenga imwe revatema tikiti 10 Hongu, kusanganisira rokuenda neshongwe, rising, ivo Baptistery wekuSan Giovanni, ari crypt Mutsvene Reparata uye nhoroondo miziyamu.