Dzhonson Semyuel: A Biography, inobudisa rokusika, zvinonakidza zvinhu

Semyuel Dzhonson - Chirungu mutsoropodzi, munyori wenhoroondo dzoupenyu, munyori wenyaya, mudetembi uye weduramanzwi. It anonzi mumwe kwokufananidzira upenyu uye mabhuku XVIII remakore kukuru. Chimwe chinoita kuti zvinobatsira, iro nhasi anofarira Semyuel Dzhonson, - anotora munyori.

kwakarongwa vitae

Dzhonson Semyuel akaberekwa amachinda taundi Lichfield, muna Staffordshire, mumhuri Michael Johnson yakanga vaita zvokutengeserana mumabhuku uye Stationery, uye Sara 18 September 1709. Baba (uye gare gare mwanakomana wake) ndaisatana kubatira tichibatwa kuora mwoyo, asi kuremekedza wake panguva yokuberekwa Samuel, aimboshanda somunhu SHERIFF. Dzhonson Semyuel aiva mwana kurwara uye aisafanira vapone. Muna 1711, vava nemakore nemakore maviri, zviri anenge bofu, zvishomanana matsi, nechirwere scrofula uye chorurindi, akabatwa vake kubatwa kuti Queen Anne kune mumwe akaporesa varwere. Asi zvishamiso zvokuporesa, zvisinei, haana kuitika.

Muna 1716-M Johnson, nehanya, zveufende, uye kwete zera ravo, chikoro Lichfield. Rakanga rinotungamirirwa vakadzidza asi chisimba Dzhon Hanter, uyo vakarova vadzidzi vavo, kuitira kuti, mumashoko ake, kuponesa kubva pamatanda. Gare gare Samueri akaomerera kuti dai asina arohwa, angadai asina zvazvakanga zvabatsira. Zvisinei, achitungamirirwa Hunter akanga adzidza chiLatin uye nechiGiriki, uye akatanga kunyora nhetembo. Muna 1725, ndava nemakore makore 16, mwedzi mitanhatu, wepurovhinzi Johnson akanga achishanyira hama dzake Cornelius Ford, vepamusorosoro uye achipinda aimbova mudzidzisi muna Cambridge. Ikoko akatanga akaziva nokuvapo njere uye mabhuku nyika.

kupunyuka

Muna 1726 iye sekondari uye akaenda kunoshanda bookshop yababa vake. Kuti kwaiva kukanganisa. Hupenyu Samuel Johnson ari maviri akatevera akanga asingafari, asi panguva imwe chete akabva nechido uye tichimhanya-mhanya kudzidza Chirungu uye dzekare mabhuku.

Muna 1728, pamwe diki nhaka mana makirogiramu kusiiwa mai vake vafa hama, aizongoerekana akapinda pana Pembroke College, Oxford. Zvisinei, ikoko, akanga asingakwanisi kupa pachavo nezvokudya zvakakwana, nokuda kwaizvozvo, uye kwemakore akawanda kuuya. It akatanga kuratidza zviratidzo kuora mwoyo kuti zvichaita kutambudza nokuda kwoupenyu hwake. Somugumisiro, zviri kumboita basa nemagazini zvidzidzo zvavo uye muna 1789, zviri mwoyo chaizvo uye murombo zvokutadza kuramba dzidzo yavo, akabva Oxford, pasina kugamuchira chitupa.

bhuku rokutanga

Translated kubva muchiLatin "Mesiya" Pope, Johnson akaita panguva zvidzidzo zvake, yakabudiswa muna 1731, asi nguva varombo, vari muzvikwereti, kuora mwoyo, ubatanidzwewo bofu uye matsi, akuvadza nokuda scrofula uye chibhokisi Samueri aitya vake nepfungwa. Uyezve, muna December wegore iroro baba vake vakafa, uyewo varombo.

Muna 1732, Johnson akawana doorman basa chesekondari Market Bosworth. Pakashanya kuna Birmingham, iye akasangana Genri Porterom wake, Elizabeth. Gore rakatevera, akarara pamubhedha panguva inotevera kushanya refu kune shamwari itsva Samueri zvokutaurira akapfupikiswa pamwechete Chirungu shanduro shanduro French rinonzi "Rwendo mu shona," akanyorwa XVII remakore. Portuguese wechechi yeRoma. Akava rakabudiswa bhuku rake rokutanga, uye Johnson ndakawana guineas shanu nokuda kwake.

muchato

Muna 1735, vava nemakore makore makumi maviri namashanu, Johnson akaroora chirikadzi gore 46 okuberekwa Elizabeth Porter. A roora wake, iyo vakasvika makirogiramu 700, Samuel akatanga private chikoro pedyo Lichfield. Pakati vadzidzi rakanga David Garrick, uyo akava akakurumbira zvikuru mutambi nguva yake uye shamwari yepedyo Johnson. By 1737 Academy akaenda kusauka, uye Samueri akasarudza kuti uwane ari mabhuku mumunda, akaenda kuLondon achiperekedzwa Garrick.

zvisikwa

Muna 1738, paaigara muLondon vatambure urombo, Johnson akatanga kunyora kuti "Journal of jendurumani," Edvarda Keyva. Ikoko rakabudiswa "London" - kutevedzera Juvenal kuti satire pamusoro decadence Roma yekare, nokuti yaakanga apiwa guineas gumi. Uyezve, iye akasangana Richard Savage, mumwe mudetembi varombo ane dubious mukurumbira.

Pakati 1740 M uye 1743 m, zvinonzi rakapepetwa nharo Paramende "Journal jendurumani". Kwapera makore, Jesu akarumbidzwa nokuda kuratidza kusasarura.

Muna 1744, Richard Sevidzh akafira Bristol mujeri. Johnson akanyora "Savage Life" zvinoshamisa kuti ayo akavimbika chaiye pakugona kunoongorora mumwe mutambi. The chigadzirwa ndiye wokutanga prose munyori, Akakwezva kuverengwa.

Muna 1745 akabudisa "A-siyana zvaanorumbidza nezvedambudziko" Macbeth. " Gore rakatevera, iye chibvumirano neboka revaparidzi uye akaita basa guru rokunyora duramazwi mutauro Chirungu, ndiye yakabudiswa muFrance makumi mana nhengo French Academy. Akashandura wake "Plan Mutauro" kuti Count Chesterfield, asi akanga mediocre chaizvo katuriji. Zvakaguma zvinotevera tsananguro Johnson rokuti "anorichengeta anonzi": "Uyu ndiye anobatsira, zvinobatsira uye anodzivirira. Kazhinji ndiwo akaipa hunotsigira vanopembera nokuda runonyengera. "

Muna 1748 chete nhanhatu vabatsiri Johnson akatamira imba huru muna Fleet Street, uye akatanga basa iri muunganidzwa duramazwi. Muna 1749 sokuti basa rake kuora mwoyo "hazvina maturo zvaidiwa nevanhu," Garrick uye Johnson akaisa nedambudziko "Irene" pana Drury Lane.

1750 uye 1752 makore kwevhiki mbiri pakati, zvaakasika essays anopfuura mazana maviri "Rembler". Muna 1752-M wake akafa. Makore maviri gare gare, Johnson akadzokera Oxford, apo akasangana naye Thomas Wharton, remangwana nyanduri weNobel. Gore rakatevera, achibatsirwa Uortona Semyuel pakupedzisira akawana dhigirii tenzi pana Oxford. Mugore iroro kwake kukuru Chirungu Dictionary yakazopera uye akabudiswa, uye kunyange zvazvo akanga achiri murombo chaizvo, mabhuku mukurumbira wake zvakajeka kusimbiswa. Panguva iyi akatanga kuziva vechiduku Joshua Reynolds, Bennet Langton uye Tofamom Boklerkom.

Muna 1756, Dzhonson Semyuel akanyora, "vaitaura kuti itsva reShanduro Shakespeare", izvo, zvisinei, haana kuzviratidza kusvikira 1765. Naiyewo mberi basa rake somunhu wenhau, mupepeti uye compiler prefaces. Paakasungwa nokuda chikwereti, rubatso akaita Semyuel Richardson. Pakati 1758 uye 1760 akanyora nhevedzano essays "Bummer." Muna 1759, amai vake Sara akafa, uye akasara ari kwakakwidibira mwoyo, akanyora tsika ngano "Rasselas" mari, akati, kumariro.

pamudyandigere

Muna 1762, pashure accession kwake chigaro King George III, Semyuel Dzhonson, vane mabhuku avo zvikuru mari haana kumuisa kuna zvinomufadza kugamuchira mudyandigere 300 mapaundi pagore. Zvisinei, kugadzwa njanji muenzi imba akatonyanya kuvhiringidzika, nekuti akanga ari mutsigiri yakaoma webato, uye, tichirangarira kushungurudzwa pakati Whigs, rinorondedzerwa shoko "mudyandigere" iri duramazwi ake se "mubhadharo kune vehurumende varanda pamusana pokutengesa nyika yake." Kokutanga akanga asiri ake upenyu anomanikidzwa kuti tichengetedze zvakakodzera uye kunyange zvazvo maonero ake akanga zvinoshamisa, uye kunotozongoita mafungu-akavezwa, akava mumwe kupfuura vakakurumbira padunhu nzanga mabhuku veshumba. Kana vaviri vechiduku Vakadzi vakasangana naye panguva mabhuku manheru, vakashamisika strangeness kuti zvavakaita, sokunge yakanga chikara zvimwe mhando kubva mumarenje muAfrica, Johnson paakavaona akapingudzwa uye anogona stroked.

Muna 1763, tanga akasangana James Boswell. Pasinei kwayo wokuScotland mavambo (Johnson kuzeza Scots - nokudaro nomukurumbira tsanangudzo yake: "otsi - zviri zviyo, izvo muEngland vachidya bhiza, uye muScotland vanhu"), ivo kuwirirana nemumwe. Muna 1764 rayakavambwa "mabhuku Club" vane nhengo dzaiva Reynolds, Edmund Burke, Garrick, Boswell uye Johnson.

Samuel muna 1765 pasi editorship ake rakabudiswa Shakespeare rukuru uye akangwara okutanga uye akagamuchira honorary Doctor muMutemo Sciences pana Trinity College mu muDublin. Iyewo akasangana akapfuma Henry uye Esther Trail, izvo zvichaita dzinopedza nguva yake mumakore akatevera makore gumi nematanhatu (mijenya kutaura, asi kuita zvishoma okugadzira zvinhu). Johnson akamboti: "Free kunyora chete chumps."

Muna 1769 Boswell, kuva gweta iri Edinburgh, akaroora, uye akaramba ari Scotland kusvikira 1772 ndipo. Pakati 1770 uye 1775 Johnson akasunungura akatevedzana zvechisimba, asi characteristically categorical enyika mapepa. Muna August 1773, kunyange zvazvo akanga agara vakazvidza Scotland, Samueri akatora asingakanganwiki rwendo Boswell pamusoro ari Hebrides. In July 1774 Johnson Trail akaenda Wales. Zvegore, Oliver Goldsmith, mumwe shoma vomuzuva, waakange kwazvo vanoyemurwa, akanga afa, uye munyori vakanzwa kurasikirwa.

Semyuel Dzhonson Patriot

Ipapo wakanyora turakiti "The Patriot", iro vakatsoropodza chii aiona uchiratidza kuzvipira kunyika chenhema. Evening, April 7, 1775, iye famously akati kuti uchiratidza kuzvipira kunyika ndiye utiziro rokupedzisira ari munyengeri haanganzi mukomboreri. Kusiyana nezvinofungwa nevakawanda, mashoko aya anoreva kwete uchiratidza kuzvipira kunyika zvavo, asi kune zvakaipa kushandiswa rokuti, John Stewart, Earl pakati Bute nevatsigiri vake uye vavengi, vachiridza yake non-Chirungu mavambo. Johnson akashora rinozviti patriots zvavo, asi chaizvo "wechokwadi" uchiratidza kuzvipira kunyika.

ruregerero

Muna 1775 akabudisa ake "Rwendo kuna Western Islands kuti Scotland." Zvegore, Johnson vakagamuchira honorary dhigirii kubva University of Oxford, uyewo kutungamirira akashanyira France (iyo akawana kuipa Scotland). Samuel pavakatambudzwa American Revolution nechisimba, achirondedzera vanopandukira colonists se "rudzi angaratidza." Muna 1776, akaenda Oxford Boswell, Ashbourne uye Lichfield, apo mvura bareheaded akamira mumusika pachivara pamberi imba, iyo dzichengeterwe chemabhuku wababa vake, mungwarire ane "kutyorwa somwanakomana vatsvene" vakaita makore 50 apfuura. Nhasi dzimba Museum of Samuel Johnson.

Pamakore okupedzisira oupenyu hwake

Muna 1778 akasangana-makore 24 Fanni Berni, nokukurumidza akava akabudirira munyori "Evelyn". Gore rakatevera, David Garrick, mutana mboni Johnson uye shamwari yake yepedyo, akafa, uye Samueri akanga dzakazungunuka zvakare. Muna 1781, pashure pokunge bhuku rinonzi "Upenyu of Chirungu Poets", akafa Genri Treyl. Samuel akanyaradza chirikadzi yake uye akanga achienda kumuroora. Zvisinei, muna 1783, utano hwake akatanga kuderera uye sitiroko. Rinotevera gore, zvishoma akapora, akachimedura pamwe Mai Trail apo iye akazivisa chinangwa chake kuroora Gabriel Piotstsi.

Dr. Semyuel Dzhonson, anorwara gout, asima, edema uye kuzvimba, vakawana kuti kutya rufu akatanga kuwana navo, asi akasangana naye noushingi sezvo akasangana ose matambudziko muupenyu hwake. December 13, akafa pazera remakore makore 75. Akavigwa Westminster Abbey musi 20 December.